UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA 


FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT 
FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS 

B.  D.  MOSES  AND  L.  S.  WING 

In  cooperation  with  the  California  Committee  on 
the  Relation  of  Electricity  to  Agriculture 


BULLETIN  448 

January,  1928 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1928 


FOREWORD 

This  bulletin  is  a  contribution  of  the  Division  of  Agricultural 
Engineering,  the  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  and  the  Cali- 
fornia Committee  on  the  Relation  of  Electricity  to  Agriculture.  It 
is  the  third  of  a  series  planned  to  report  the  results  of  investigations 
conducted  jointly  by  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  College 
of  Agriculture,  University  of  California,  and  the  California  Committee 
on  the  Relation  of  Electricity  to  Agriculture.*  This  committee  rep- 
resents the  agricultural  and  electrical  industries  in  California  that 
are  working  together  for  the  purpose  of  making  reliable  information 
available  concerning  the  use  of  electricity  on  the  farm,  and  cooperat- 
ing with  similar  committees  in  other  states. 

E.  D.  Merrill, 

Director,  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


*  The  personnel  of  this  committee  for  1926-27  is: 

E.  D.  Merrill,  College  of  Agriculture,  Chairman. 

N.  R.  Sutherland,  Pacific  Gas  &  Electric  Co.,  Treasurer. 

B.  D.  Moses,  College  of  Agriculture,  State  Director-Secretary. 
T.  A.  Wood,  Field  Engineer. 

F.  E.  Boyd,  General  Electric  Co. 

C.  L.  Cory,  Dean,  College  of  Mechanics. 

H.  M.  Crawford,  Pacific  Gas  &  Electric  Co. 

J.  J.  Deuel,  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation. 

A.  M.  Frost,  San  Joaquin  Light  &'  Power  Corp. 
Chas.  Grunsky,  California  Railroad  Commission. 
Alex.   Johnson,   California   Farm  Bureau   Federation. 
T.  H.  Lambert,  El  Monte,  Agriculturist. 

B.  M.  Maddox,  Southern  California  Edison  Co. 
W.  C.  McWhinney,  Southern  California  Edison  Co. 


FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR 
DEEP  WELL  PUMPS 


B.  D.  MOSESi  and  L.  S.  WING: 


INTRODUCTION 

A  group3  composed  of  representatives  of  the  California  Committee 
on  the  Relation  of  Electricity  to  Agriculture,  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, the  pump  manufacturers,  and  the  pump  dealers,  has  en- 
deavored for  the  past  two  years  to  prepare  a  contract  form  which 
will  fully  cover  situations  arising  when  a  farmer  purchases  a  deep 
well  pump,  be  fair  to  both  buyer  and  seller,  afford  each  the  protection 
to  which  he  is  entitled,  and  yet  be  readily  understood  by  the  average 
buyer. 

The  agreement  which  is  presented  in  the  following  pages  has  been 
approved  by  the  Pacific  Hydraulic  Engineering  Association,  the 
Western  Irrigation  Equipment  Association,  the  California  Farm 
Bureau  Federation,  and  the  University  of  California.  As  a  result,  it 
will  doubtless  be  used  in  California  wherever  deep  well  pumps  are 
sold. 


1  Assistant  Professor  of  Agricultural  Engineering,  and  Associate  Agricultural 
Engineer  in  the  Experiment  Station. 

2  Engineer,  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation. 

s  H.  M.  Crawford,  Sales  Manager,  Pacific  Gas  &  Electric  Co.,  San  Francisco, 
Chairman. 

C.  N.  Johnston,  Irrigation  Investigation  and  Practice,  University  of  Califor- 
nia, Davis. 

M.  P.  Lohse,  Testing  Engineer,  San  Joaquin  Light  &  Power  Corp.,  Fresno. 

J.  E.  Lundy,  Sales  Manager,  Sterling  Pump  Co.,  Stockton. 

B.  D.  Moses,  Agricultural  Engineering  Division,  University  of  California, 
Davis. 

E.  J.  Stirniman,  Agricultural  Engineering  Division,  University  of  California, 
Davis. 

H.  A.  Wadsworth,  Irrigation  Investigations  and  Practice  Division,  University 
of  California,  Davis. 

L.  S.  Wing,  Engineer,  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  San  Francisco. 

E.  M.  Breed,  Sales  Manager,  Pelton  Water  Wheel  Co.,  and  President  of  the 
Pacific  Hydraulic  Engineering  Association,  San  Francisco. 

Joe  Cox,  Vice-President  and  Manager  of  Sales,  F.  J.  Kimball  Pump  Co.,  and 
President  Western  Irrigation  Equipment  Association,  Los  Angeles. 

E.  P.  McMurtry,  General  Manager,  Krogh  Pump  Co.,  San  Francisco. 

E,  M.  Schurman,  General  Manager,  Bryon  Jackson  Iron  Works,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

C.  F.  Zimansky,  President  and  General  Manager,  Price  Pump  Co.,  San  Fran- 


6  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  universal  use  of  this  standard  form  of  agreement  will  necessi- 
tate the  buyer's  becoming  familiar  with  but  one  form  of  contract. 
Moreover,  it  will  permit  him  to  compare  bids  readily,  since  they  will 
be  presented  in  a  uniform  manner,  and  it  will  enable  him  to  select  the 
pump  which  best  meets  his  requirements  when  the  price,  efficiency, 
speed,  capacity,  design,  etc.,  are  considered.  Moreover,  the  contract 
compels  the  seller  to  state  accurately  the  operating  characteristics  of 
the  pump  over  a  reasonable  range  and  provides  an  ample  and  satis- 
factory means  of  checking  this  performance  both  at  the  factory  and 
in  the  field.  The  final  payment  for  the  installation  is  made  contingent 
upon  the  performance  of  the  pump  as  stated  in  the  contract.  The 
buyer  is  thereby  assured  that  he  will  not  have  to  pay  for  equipment 
which  has  been  misrepresented  to  him. 

No  practical  contract  form  will  take  care  of  every  contingency, 
nor  can  any  safeguard  be  provided  which  will  make  the  reading  of 
the  agreement  by  the  buyer  unnecessary.  He  may  be  sure  that  the 
seller  is  intimately  familiar  with  every  clause  and  thus  has  an  advan- 
tage which  can  be  offset  only  by  his  own  personal  study. 

A  contract  is  presumed  to  set  forth  mutual  agreements  freely 
entered  into,  and  the  language  should  be  clear  and  unmistakable.  As 
no  contract,  however,  is  of  much  value  unless  both  parties  intend 
to  abide  by  both  its  spirit  and  letter,  the  buyer  should  be  extremely 
careful  with  whom  he  deals. 

The  purpose  of  this  bulletin  is  to  present  this  new  form  of  contract, 
to  explain  thoroughly  its  clauses,  and  to  help  the  prospective  pur- 
chaser specify  definitely  the  equipment  which  he  requires. 


STATEMENT  OF  PROBLEM 

An  example  illustrating  the  use  of  the  agreement  follows : 
John  Jones,  a  rancher  near  Fresno,  has  an  80-acre  farm,  40  acres 
of  which  are  now  under  cultivation  and  require  irrigation,  and  the 
remainder  of  which  he  intends  to  irrigate  at  a  later  date.  For  the 
type  of  crops  grown,  and  for  his  method  of  irrigation,  he  has  deter- 
mined that  a  pump  installation  that  will  produce  500  gallons  per 
minute  (g.p.m.)  will  be  the  most  economical,  and  that  it  must  deliver 
not  less  than  400  gallons  per  minute.  He  has  had  a  10-inch  well 
drilled  200  feet  deep  and  cased  with  10-inch  stove-pipe  casing.  After 
developing  the  well,  he  found  on  test  that  it  would  produce  500  gallons 
per  minute  with  a  draw-down  (see  fig.  2,  p.  17)  of  15  feet.  The 
static  water  level,  the  depth  to  water  when  not  pumping,4  was  found 


4  A  glossary  of  technical  terms  will  be  found  on  p.  44. 


BUT,.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS  7 

to  be  55  feet.  The  irrigation  pipe  lines  require  a  head  of  10  feet  in 
the  stand  pipe  above  the  level  of  the  ground  at  the  well  in  order  to 
deliver  500  gallons  per  minute,  which,  with  the  present  pumping 
level,  makes  a  total  pumping  head  of  80  feet  (55  ft.  +  15  ft.  +  10  ft.). 
Mr.  Jones  also  desires  to  pump  into  a  domestic-water  supply  tank 
located  10  feet  from  the  well.  The  surface  of  the  water  when  the 
tank  is  full  is  30  feet  above  the  ground,  making  a  maximum  pumping 
head  of  100  feet  (55  ft.  +  15  ft.  +  30  ft.).  He  further  desires  to  take 
care  of  a  condition  of  receding  water  table  which  he  estimates  will  not 
exceed  10  feet  in  the  next  three  years.  At  that  time,  the  total  irriga- 
tion head  will  be  approximately  90  feet  (65  ft.  +  15  ft.  +  10  ft.). 


Fig.  1. — Typical  deep  well  pump  installation  where  open  ditch  is  used.  The 
concrete  basin  and  weir  prevent  erosion  near  the  well.  The  derrick  has  been 
left  in  place  for  working  on  the  motor  or  pump.  Note  the  rails  for  moving  a 
section  of  the  pump  house  should  it  be  necessary  to  pull  the  pump. 


He  submitted  his  requirements  to  various  pump  representatives 
and  from  guarantees  made  and  terms  offered,  decided  to  place  his 
order  with  the  Deep  Well  Pump  Company  for  a  surface-discharge 
turbine  pump  with  direct-connected  motor,  to  be  completely  installed 
ready  for  operation  before  April  1,  1928.  The  following  price  and 
terms  were  agreed  upon : 

Price  $900.00,  first  payment  of  $135.00  to  be  made  at  the  time  of 
signing  the  contract;  second  payment  of  $180.00  to  be  made  upon 
completion  of  installation ;  and  final  payment  of  $585.00  with  interest 
at  8  per  cent  six  months  thereafter. 


8  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  pump  was  guaranteed  to  deliver  500  gallons  per  minute 
against  a  total  head  of  80  feet,  with  a  power  requirement  (measured 
at  the  electric  meter)  of  not  more  than  17.4  H.P.,  also  to  deliver 
440  g.p.m.  at  88  feet  head  and  250  g.p.m.  at  104  feet  head. 

To  check  .the  performance  guarantee,  two  methods  of  testing  were 
offered :  one,  a  factory  test  in  the  presence  of  the  buyer,  Mr.  Jones, 
or  his  representative,  at  a  cost  of  $20.00 ;  the  other,  a  field  test  to  be 
conducted  by  a  consulting  engineer  at  a  cost  of  $75.00. 

Mr.  Jones  was  familiar  with  this  make  of  pump  and  believed  that 
the  performance  guarantee  could  be  met  readily  by  the  manufacturer. 
Desiring  to  save  any  unnecessary  expense,  he  therefore  chose  the 
option  of  a  field  test,  which  he  could  exercise  should  he  deem  it  neces- 
sary to  check  the  performance  of  the  pump  after  installation. 

Based  upon  these  representations,  the  purchase  agreement  was 
drawn  up  and  signed  as  follows.  The  blanks  have  been  filled  in  to 
conform  to  the  illustrative  problem. 


CONDITIONAL  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT 
FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS 


Approved  as  to  form  by 

California  Farm  Bureau  Federation 
Pacific  Hydraulic  Engineering  Association 
Western  Irrigation  Equipment  Association 
University  of  California 


(1)         This    Agreement,    made    this.. ..21st5.... day    of.. ..February...., 

19,28....  by  and  between.. ..Deep   Well  Pump  Company....,  whose 
( Corporation )      [  ( Partnership )  ]      [  ( Individual )  ] 6 

address    is....982   Jesse.... Street,    City    of.. ..Fresno....,    County    of 

....Fresno....,  State  of  California,  hereinafter  referred  to  as  the 

Seller,  and.. ..John  A.  Jones....,  whose  address  is. ...Route  B,  Box 

70.... [Street],  City  of. ...Fresno....,  County  of... .Fresno....,  State  of 

....California....,  hereinafter  referred  to  as  the  Buyer. 


•"<  Italics  indicate  blanks  filled  in  by  writing  or  typewriting  at  the  time  of 
making  the  contract. 

8  Brackets  indicate  words  or  sections  crossed  out.  In  filling  out  a  contract, 
these  words  or  sections  would  be  struck  out  on  the  typewriter  or  crossed  off. 


BUL.  448]      farmers'  purchase  agreement  for  deep  well  pumps 


(2)  WITNESSETH 

That  the  Seller  agrees  to  sell  to  the  Buyer  and  the  Buyer 
agrees  to  purchase  of  and  from  Seller,  at  point  of  delivery  a  deep 
well  pump  including.. ..7.. ..inch  outside  diameter  column  of  suf- 
ficient length,  ....80..._feet,  to  submerge  the  bottom  bowl  ten  (10) 
feet  below  the  estimated  pumping  level  given  in  paragraph  5 ; 
also. ...20.. ..feet  of  suction  pipe  with  strainer;  also. ...ii6L.. feet  of 
^4-inch  air  line,  the  exact  vertical  distance  of  installed  air  line 
between  bottom  of  air  line  and  gage  attached  to  the  top  thereof 
to  be  reported  by  Seller;  also  gauge  for  determining  pumping 
level;  also  not  less  than  six  feet  of  discharge  pipe  of. ...6.... inch 
diameter;  together  with  the  following  apparatus,  machinery  or 
materials  (hereinafter  termed  machinery),  all  subject  to  the 
terms  and  conditions  hereinafter  contained. 


(3)  Description  of  Machinery 

Pump  Number.... 2....,  head  type.... K.... ,  column  type... J£.# , 

all  described  in  Catalogue. ...Deep  Well  Pump  Company,  Cata- 
logue No.  10,  also  one  6-inch  cast  iron  butterfly  valve  and  one 
6-inch  bolted  flexible  joint 


Electrical   Apparatus:    ....Type   F,   Make   X.... motor,    15.... 

H.P.,  ...J75a...r.p.m.,  ....440.... volts,  ..  .3....phase,  ....66>... .cycles, 
with.. ..Make  X.. .. starter.. ..15  H.P.  capacity  with  overload  relay 
and  under  voltage  release 

Wiring.. ..complete  for  above  equipment  and  to  a  point  10  feet 
above  ground  on  a  pole,  installed  by  seller,  not  more  than  18  feet 
from  the  pump  house ... . 

(Above  description  must  give  manufacturer's  rating  or  capac- 
ity of  all  equipment  furnished.) 

(4)  A — Shipment  shall  be  made  on  or  before. ...March  15,  1928 

B — Installation  (if  called  for  under  this  agreement)  shall  be 

made  on  or  bef  ore....  Ma  re  h  26,  1928 

(5)  That  the  Buyer  agrees  to  furnish  a  well  adequately  cased, 
having  a  measured  minimum  inside  diameter  of  well  or  casing  of 
._..i0~~ inches  to  a  depth  of  not  less  than. ...125.... feet.  The  present 
static  water  level  is. ...55.. ..feet,  and  the  Buyer  estimates  that  the 
pumping  level  in  the  well  at  normal  pump  capacity  will  be. ...70-.. 
feet  below  ground  surface. 


10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


(6)  Said  machinery  is  furnished  to  the  Buyer  by  the  Seller  under 
the  following  guarantee : 

If  the  pump  is  driven  at  a  normal  speed  of—. i 75(9. -.revolutions 
per  minute  (for  direct  connected  units,  manufacturer's  rated  full 
load  speed  of  motor),  the  pump  shall  perform  in  accordance  with 
the  capacity,  head,  and  horsepower  as  listed  in  paragraph  7  here- 
under. 

If  through  no  fault  of  the  Seller,  the  speed  as  specified  above 
cannot  be  maintained  during  test,  the  performance  guarantee 
shall  be  altered  in  accordance  with  section.. ..X7... .of  the  Standard 
Test    Code   of   the   Pacific    Hydraulic    Engineering   Association 

adopted.. ..X7.... and   approved   by   the    California   Farm   Bureau 

(date) 
Federation. 

(7)  Performance  Guarantee  with  Water  Levee,  when  Pumping, 

Standing  Not  More   Than   Ten   Feet  Below  the 
Estimated  Pumping  Level  in  the  Well 


Head 

Total 
pumping 

head 
in  feetf 

Quantity 

in  gallons 

per 

minute 

Maximum  required 
H.P.  at  meter  for 
direct-connected 

unit  or     . 
at  pump  pulley 
(for  belt  drive) 

(1)    Shut  off  head 

130 

104 

250 

15.10 

88 

U0 

17.16 

(3)    Normal 

.    .    .    80     ... 

500 

.    .  17  39.    .. 

(4)    10  per  cent  below  normal 

72 

550 

17.83 

* 

*  Additional  conditions  may  be  specified,,  and  should  be  specified  in  areas  of  rapidly 
receding  water  table,  and  when  the  estimated  head  is  less  than  75  feet. 

f  Total  head  expressed  in  feet  shall  be  the  measured  vertical  distance  from  the  surface 
of  the  water  in  the  well  while  pumping,  to  the  center  of  the  discharge  nozzle  of  the  pump, 
plus  the  total  head,  if  any,  above  this  point. 


Full  data  as  indicated  shall  be  given  for  the  four  heads 
specified. 

Pump  discharges  and  power  inputs  corresponding  to  heads 
lying  between  those  stated  above  shall,  for  the  purpose  of  check- 
ing pump  performance,  be  interpolated  on  the  basis  of  straight 
line  variation  between  the  points  given,  and  to  those  interpolated 
points  the  guarantees  set  forth  in  this  agreement  equally  apply. 
The  measured  capacities  and  horsepowers  may  vary  from  the 
guarantee  not  to  exceed  a  total  of  five  per  cent  (5  per  cent),  at 
normal  speed,  this  covering  the  probable  inaccuracy  of  commer- 
cial testing  methods. 

7  ( X)  :   At  the  time  of  printing  this  bulletin,  the  testing  code  had  not  been 
published. 


Bul.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        11 

(8)  In  and  as  consideration  for  said  machinery,  the  Buyer  agrees 
to  pay  the  Seller  the  sum  oi....Nine  hundred.... dollars  {$900.00), 
payable  as  follows :  (plus  extra  charges,  if  any,  as  covered  by 
paragraph  No.  13.) 

1st  Payment :  15  per  cent.. ..One  hundred  and  thirty -fiv e. ...dollars 
($135.00)  upon  signing  this  agreement. 

2nd  Payment  ....£0..._per  cent,  ....One  hundred  and  eighty... .dollars 

($180.00)  wpon....March  26,  1928.... 
(Date) 

Provided  the  installation  of  this  machinery,  if  called  for  under 
this  agreement,  shall  have  been  completed  by  this  date,  or  if 
installation  is  delayed  by  Buyer.  In  case  installation  is  de- 
layed by  Seller,  this  payment  shall  become  due  and  payable 
upon  the  completion  of  the  installation,  and  the  remainder 

3rd  Payment :  ....65.. ..per  cent— .jFVue  hundred  and  eighty -five.... 
dollars  ($585.00). ...One  hundred  and  eighty.... days  after  due 
date  of  second  payment,  with  interest  at  8  per  cent  per  annum 
therefrom,  provided  the  machinery  furnished  under  this  agree- 
ment has  met  the  guarantee  as  called  for  herein. 

If  cash  in  full  accompanies  the  order  the  above  price  oi....Nine 
hundred.... dollars  ($900.00)  is  subject  to  a  5  per  cent  discount. 


(9) 


A — It  is  further  understood  and  agreed  that  said  price  in-" 

eludes  the  deliver}^  of  said  machinery  f.o.b , 

in  which  case  Buyer  is  to  make  installation.  The  Seller  agrees 
to  furnish  a  competent  mechanic  who  shall  be  considered  Buy- 
er's employee,  to  superintend  and  assist  in  the  erection  of  the 

above  machinery,  at  $ per  eight  (8)  hour  day,  plus 

traveling  time  and  expense  of  $ :  the  Buyer  to  furnish 

all  reasonable  living  expenses  of  mechanic  while  on  the  job. 

—  or  — 

B — It  is  further  understood  and  agreed  that  said  price  in- 
cludes the  complete  intallation  of  machinery,  equipment  and  elec- 
tric wiring,  described  in  paragraph  3,  in  a  well  of  the  Buyer 
located  at.. ..near  Fresno,  California....,  (Section... .6....,  T....13....S 
TZ....20  E,  Mount  Diablo.. ..B  &  M.)  It  is  also  agreed  that  such 
installation  shall  conform  with  the  regulations  of  the  local  power 
company  and  with  the  latest  rules  of  such  California  regulatory 
bodies  as  have  jurisdiction. 

The  Buyer  is  to  furnish — 

(a)  Haulage  from  the  nearest  shipping  point. 

(b)  Labor   and   material   for   foundations   in   accordance 

with  Seller's  specifications. 


12  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(c)  Common  labor  to  assist  Seller's  supervising  mechanic. 

(d)  Board  and  lodging  for  Seller's  installation  crew. 

(e)  [Derrick.] 

(f) 
(g) 

(Note:  Strike  out  paragraphs  or  sentences  not  applying.) 

(10)  To  check  the  performance  of  the  pump,  the  Buyer  shall  have 
two  options,  of  which  option.. ..B. ...as  hereinafter  specified,  is  here- 
by selected.  Failure  to  specify  the  desired  option  constitutes 
acceptance  of  Option  "B." 

All  tests  shall  be  conducted  in  accordance  with  standard  test 
code  of  the  Pacific  Hydraulic  Engineering  Association  adopted 

....X8....  and  approved  by  the  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation. 

(date) 

Option  "A":  If  the  Buyer  elects  Option  "A,"  then,  for" 
the  sum  of  one  dollar  ($1.00)  per  rated  H.P.  of  motor,  but  in 
no  case  less  than  twenty  dollars,  ($20.00),  nor  more  than  one- 
hundred  dollars  ($100.00),  the  Seller  agrees  to  furnish  prior 
to  shipment  a  test  at  his  factory  or  branch  at  which  the  Buyer 
or  his  representative  may  be  present.     Notification  of  time  of 

test  shall  be  given  by  Seller  at  least days  prior  to 

date  thereof. 

Option  "B":  If  the  Buyer  elects  Option  "B"  and  desires 
acceptance  test  of  machinery  in  the  field,  he  shall  within  ten  (10) 
days  after  notification  by  the  Seller  that  the  machinery  is  ready 
for  operation,  make  written  request  by  registered  letter  for  such 
test,  or  shall  forfeit  all  rights  to  require  such  test.  Failure  to 
request  test,  or  failure  to  complete  the  second  payment  when  due, 
shall  constitute  forfeiture  of  the  privilege  of  test  and  shall  be  con- 
strued as  acceptance  of  the  machinery  as  installed. 

The  Seller  shall  notify  the  Buyer  in  writing  when  the  plant 
is  ready  for  operation,  by  mailing  a  notice  to  the  Buyer's  address 
as  given  herein. 

The  cost  of  this  field  test  shall  be. ...Seventy-five.... dollars 
($75.00),  to  be  paid  by  the  Seller.  The  cost  of  either  test  if  made 
is  additional  to  the  contract  price,  and  payment  therefor  shall 
first  be  deducted  from  any  money  paid  by  Buyer,  as  provided  in 
paragraph  13,  if  the  machinery  meets  the  guarantee  within  the 
range  specified,  and  the  test  shall  then  constitute  acceptance  of 
the  machinery  by  the  Buyer.  If  the  machinery  does  not  meet  the 
guarantee,  the  cost  of  the  test  shall  be  borne  by  the  Seller. 

In  case  of  failure  to  meet  the  guaranteed  performance,  the 
Seller  may  bring  the  machinery  up  to  its  guaranteed  performance 
at  his  own  expense,  or  may  at  his  own  expense,  substitute  equip- 


v  At  the  lime  of  (dinting  this  bulletin,  the  testing  code  had  not  yet  been  issued, 


BUL.  448]      farmers'  purchase  agreement  for  deep  well  pumps      13 

ment  of  similar  kind  and  quality  as  specified  herein,  which  shall 
fulfill  the  guarantee,  or  shall  immediately  refund  all  money  pre- 
viously paid  by  the  Buyer,  under  the  terms  of  this  agreement,  and 
shall  remove  the  machinery,  if  delivered. 

It  is  hereby  further  mutually  agreed  that.. ..Robert  Brown.... 

(Name) 

shall  conduct  the  field  acceptance  test  and  that  his  judgment  and 
decisions,  insofar  as  the  performance  of  the  machinery  purchased 
and  designated  herein,  shall  be  final. 

Should  this  party  not  be  available  to  perform  the  test  when 
desired,  the  Buyer  shall  select  within  five  (5)  days,  from  a  list 
of  testing  engineers,  submitted  by  the  Seller  and  approved  by  the 
Pacific  Hydraulic  Engineering  Association,  the  Western  Irriga- 
tion Equipment  Association,  and  the  California  Farm  Bureau 
Federation,  an  engineer  to  perform  the  test.  Should  Buyer  fail 
to  make  such  selection  within  the  period  specified,  he  shall  forfeit 
all  right  to  require  such  test.  Failure  to  make  such  selection  shall 
constitute  acceptance  of  the  machinery  as  installed. 

(11)  If  in  a  field  test  the  machinery  fails  to  meet  the  guarantee, 
the  Seller  may  demand  that  it  be  examined  by  the  engineer 
making  the  test,  to  determine  if  the  failure  to  meet  the  guarantee 
is  due  to  abrasion  caused  by  development  of  the  well.  If  it  is  the 
judgment  of  the  engineer  making  the  test  that  such  failure  is  due 
to  such  abrasion,  or  to  excessive  amounts  of  air,  either  entrained 
or  otherwise,  gas  or  detritus  in  the  water,  such  decision  shall 
constitute  acceptance  of  the  machinery,  if  otherwise  according  to 
the  specifications  contained  in  this  agreement,  and  the  Buyer  shall 
pay  Seller  all  the  costs  of  the  test,  together  with  all  cost  incidental 
to  the  making  of  the  examination. 

Should  the  Buyer  refuse  to  allow  the  machinery  to  be  removed 
from  the  well  for  examination  by  the  testing  engineer  at  a  time 
to  be  specified  by  him,  it  shall  be  construed  as  an  admission  on 
his  part  that  the  failure  to  meet  the  guaranteed  performance  is 
due  to  abrasion  caused  in  the  development  of  the  well,  and  such 
refusal  on  the  part  of  the  Buyer  shall  constitute  a  waiver  of  the 
test,  and  shall  constitute  acceptance  of  the  equipment  as  installed, 
and  the  Buyer  shall  pay  Seller  all  costs  of  the  test. 

The  guarantee  under  paragraph  7  shall  be  considered  as  met 
if  it  is  found  by  the  engineer  making  the  test  that  the  well  is 
crooked  to  the  extent  that  the  mechanical  operation  of  the  pump 
is  hindered,  or  if,  with  the  bottom  bowl  submerged,  the  well  does 
not  furnish  the  least  quantity  of  water  stated  in  paragraph  7. 

The  engineer  making  this  test  shall  within  ten  (10)  days  after 
completion  thereof  make  a  written  report,  embodying  his  conclu- 
sions therein,  and  giving  a  ruling  decision,  and  shall  mail  a  copy 
of  this  report  to  both  the  Buyer  and  the  Seller  to  their  respective 
addresses  as  given  in  this  agreement. 


14  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(12)  It  is  further  understood  and  agreed  that  said  machinery  is 
free  from  all  latent  defects  in  material  and  workmanship,  and  if 
any  part  proves  to  be  defective  in  material  or  workmanship, 
within  one  year  from  the  date  of  shipment  (usual  wear  excepted) 
Seller  agrees  to  furnish  such  part  free  of  cost  at  factory  to  replace 
such  defective  part,  but  will  assume  no  liability  nor  will  be  held 
responsible  for  any  damages  or  delays  caused  by  such  defective 
material  or  workmanship,  nor  will  make  any  allowance  for  repairs 
or  alterations  made  by  others,  unless  same  are  made  with  Seller's 
written  consent. 

(13)  Without  relieving  the  Buyer  of  the  obligation  to  make  pay- 
ment as  provided  for  and  without  reference  to  the  form  of  in- 
voice that  may  be  used  by  the  Seller,  it  is  agreed  that  the  title 
to  the  machinery  furnished  shall  remain  in  the  Seller  until  the 
purchase  price  (including  any  extensions  of  payment,  whether 
evidenced  by  note  or  otherwise)  shall  have  been  fully  paid  in 
lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  it  being  further  agreed  that 
payment  for  all  labor  and  materials  furnished  by  Seller,  and  not 
included  in  the  contract  price  shall  become  immediately  due  and 
payable  upon  presentation  of  invoice  to  Buyer  and  may  be 
deducted  from  any  moneys  paid  by  the  Buyer  on  the  contract 
price  without  relieving  the  Buyer  of  the  obligation  to  make  all 
payments  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  this  agreement  not- 
withstanding any  such  deduction,  and  the  machinery  shall  remain 
the  personal  property  of  the  Seller,  whatever  may  be  the  mode  of 
its  attachment  to  realty  or  other  property  until  fully  paid  for, 
and  the  Buyer  agrees  to  perform  all  acts  which  may  be  necessary 
to  perfect  and  assure  retention  of  title  in  the  Seller.  In  case  of 
failure  by  the  Buyer  to  make  any  payment  when  due,  then  the 
entire  amount  together  with  interest,  shall  at  Seller's  option  with- 
out notice  or  demand  become  immediately  due  and  payable,  and 
it  is  expressly  understood  and  agreed  that  it  shall  be  optional  with 
the  Seller  to  take  exclusive  possession  of  the  machinery  wherever 
found  and  remove  and  sell  same  without  legal  process,  applying 
the  proceeds,  less  all  costs  to  the  account,  and  retaining  the  right 
to  recover  any  balance  due  by  civil  action  and  that  any  payments 
which  may  have  been  made  on  account  of  same  shall  be  retained 
by  the  Seller  as  liquidated  damages,  without  prejudice  to  his 
right  of  recovery  of  further  or  other  damage  he  may  suffer  from 
any  cause. 

(14)  Adequate  insurance  in  an  amount  sufficient  to  protect  the 
Seller's  interest  in  the  machinery  against  any  loss  occasioned  by 
damage  due  to  fire,  or  other  causes,  is  to  be  taken  out  and  main- 
tained by  the  Buyer  at  his  expense  from  and  after  delivery  to  him, 
until  the  machinery  hereinbefore  specified  has  been  fully  paid  for, 
and  such  policies  of  insurance  are  to  be  made  payable  to  the, Seller 
as  his  interest  may  appear  at  the  time  of  loss ;  the  Buyer  to  assume 
all  loss  resulting  from  any  cause  that  may  not  be  recovered 
through  such  insurance. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        15 

(15)  It  is  understood  that  the  specifications  herein  contained  are  a 
standard  form  covering  the  Seller's  machinery  of  substantially 
identical  type  and  character  and  that  without  notice  there  may 
be  made  immaterial  variations  therefrom  in  the  details  of  design 
and  construction  of  any  particular  machine. 

(16)  The  specified  shipment  and  installation  is  subject  to  any  delay 
on  the  part  of  the  Buyer  in  supplying  the  Seller  with  the  neces- 
sary data  or  any  changes  therein  at  the  Buyer's  instance  and  to 
delays  caused  by  fires,  floods,  strikes,  accidents,  civil  or  military 
authority  or  any  other  cause  beyond  the  Seller's  reasonable  con- 
trol. The  voluntary  receipt  of  the  machinery  by  the  Buyer  shall 
constitute  acceptance  of  delivery  under  the  terms  hereof,  and 
shall  be  and  is  a  waiver  of  any  and  all  claims  for  loss  or  damage 
due  to  delay. 

(17)  The  Seller  shall  not  be  liable  for  consequential  damage,  par- 
ticularly including  loss  or  damage  for  diminution  or  failure  of 
crops,  shortage  of  water,  or  inability  or  failure  to  supply  same, 
due  to  improper  installation  or  performance  of  the  machinery, 
nor  shall  the  Seller  be  liable  for  collapsing,  telescoping,  separat- 
ing or  otherwise  injuring  the  well,  except  in  the  case  of  proven 
negligence,  it  being  understood  that  this  work  is  precarious  in 
its  nature.  Should  the  Seller  be  delayed  in  making  or  fail  to 
make  installation  by  virtue  of  some  defect  in  the  well,  or  by  virtue 
of  the  well  not  being  in  condition  to  receive  the  pump,  then  the 
Buyer  will  reimburse  the  Seller  for  time  lost  and  expenses  in- 
curred during  such  delay,  and  will  also  reimburse  the  Seller  for 
the  reasonable  value  of  his  services  in  removing  or  attempting  to 
remove  such  defects  or  attempting  to  put  the  well  in  condition 
for  the  installation  of  the  pump,  all  of  which  the  Seller  is  hereby 
authorized  to  do  if  he  chooses,  unless  otherwise  specifically  in- 
structed by  the  Buyer.  Should  the  Seller  finally  consider  in- 
stallation impossible,  then  the  Buyer  will  pay  the  installed  price 
of  the  machinery  less  a  rebate  to  the  Buyer  equalling  the  differ- 
ence between  the  reasonable  value  of  the  Seller's  efforts  in  at- 
tempting the  installation,  and  the  price  above  specified.  Should 
the  pump  be  lost  or  damaged  before  complete  installation  by 
virtue  of  some  defect  in,  or  the  construction  or  behavior  of,  the 
well,  then  the  Buyer  will  reimburse  the  Seller  for  such  loss  or 
damage. 

The  Buyer  agrees  to  pay  all  sums  due  under  this  Agreement 
or  any  note  given  therefor,  at  the  Seller's  office  in  the  City  of 

....Fresno....,  State  of  California,  and  should  civil  action  be  in- 
stituted for  the  collection  of  such  sums  or  notes,  or  for  the 
enforcement  of  any  other  obligation  or  act  to  be  performed  by 
the  Buyer  hereunder,  then  the  Buyer  agrees  that  at  the  Seller's 
option,  the  county  in  which  the  Buyer's  residence  as  given  in  this 
agreement,  is  located,  or  the  county  in  which  the  machinery  is 
installed,  shall  be  the  proper  county  for  trial. 


16  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Should  it  be  necessary  for  the  Buyer  to  institute  civil  action 
for  the  enforcement  of  any  act  or  obligation  under  this  agreement, 
then  the  Buyer  agrees  that  such  civil  action  is  to  be  brought  in 
the  county  in  which  the  Seller's  principal  place  of  business  in 
California  is  located. 

The  Buyer  agrees  that  this  agreement  made  in  triplicate 
expresses  his  complete  contract  with  the  Seller,  all  oral  stipula- 
tions being  waived  by  both  parties.  In  order  to  afford  the  Seller 
a  proper  opportunity  of  checking  the  provisions  herein,  this 
agreement  shall  not  become  binding  until  it  is  approved  by  the 
Seller  at  his  main  office  in  California,  and  there  countersigned  by 
one  of  his  authorized  officers  in  the  space  provided  below,  and 
one  copy  thereof  so  countersigned  will  be  mailed  to  Buyer  upon 
execution  by  Seller.  No  subsequent  amendment  hereof  shall  be 
binding  upon  the  Buyer  or  Seller  unless  reduced  to  writing  and 
executed  by  authorized  officers  thereof. 

All  checks  to  be  made  payable  to. ...Deep  Well  Pump  Com- 
pany.... 

Time  is  of  the  essence  of  this  Agreement. 

Witness  :  ...Jack  Smith John  A.  Jones 

(Salesman's  signature)  (Purchaser  sign  here) 

Approved:  This 24th day  of February ,  19 28 at 

......Fresno 

Deep  Well  Pump  Company 

(Name  of  Seller) 

Thomas  A.  Warren Sales  Manager 

(Title) 


DISCUSSION  OF  CONTRACT 

In  the  preceding  pages  the  contract  has  been  printed  in  full  and 
properly  filled  in  for  the  case  of  Mr.  Jones,  previously  cited.  The 
general  discussion  of  the  contract  by  sections,  which  follows,  is  in- 
tended, insofar  as  is  practicable,  to  answer  questions  that  may  arise 
in  its  application. 

Section  1 

Section  1  requires  no  explanation.  It  should  be  accurately  and 
fully  filled  in.  The  buyer  should  be  sure  that  the  Seller's  California 
office  address  is  given. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        17 


UVarer     L<zve/ 
in    Z5  t-oncf    P/p<z 


Motor 


Pump  Heod      tn  blOJ. 

f— — ——I  ^.^C^Jliu         U        L.JU 


Air   Pump 
Air  Gocfoc 

\ 


i^  A//77/?  Shaft  Beorinat 
^Pump  Shaft  <£% 

-  Column  .  ■§§?     g  S 


0ec5     Z^ZT 

Fig.  2. — Section  diagram  of  a  well  with  a  deep  well  pump  in  place,  to  illustrate 
the  meaning  of  the  terms  that  are  used  in  the  contract. 


18  university  of  california experiment  station 

Section  2 

Size  and  Length  of  Column. — There  are  several  blanks  in  section  2, 
all  of  which  are  to  be  filled  in  by  the  seller.  The  first  blank  provides 
for  the  size  of  column  to  be  used.  For  any  particular  pump  the 
resistance  to  the  flow  of  water  is  less  through  a  column  of  large 
diameter  than  through  one  of  small  diameter,  if  the  same  amount  of 
water  is  delivered.  It  follows  then  that  the  larger  the  diameter  of  the 
column,  the  better  should  be  the  performance  given  in  contract  sec- 
tion 7.  The  next  blank,  covering  length  of  column,  is  based  upon  the 
information  which  the  buyer  gives  in  contract  section  5.  The  total 
length  of  this  column  is  the  distance  between  the  pump  bowls  and 
the  pump  head  (see  fig.  2).  The  column  should  be  at  least  ten  feet 
longer  than  that  estimated  as  necessary  for  submerging  the  bottom 
bowl  (see  fig.  2),  when  the  pump  is  delivering  the  amount  normally 
required.  The  length  of  column  specified,  therefore,  should  be  ten 
feet  greater  than  the  estimated  pumping  level  given  in  contract 
section  5. 

Draw-down. — There  are  several  reasons  for  having  this  extra 
amount  of  column.  With  a  varying  water  table,  it  insures  the  best 
conditions  of  operation  by  keeping  the  bowls  of  the  pump  submerged 
at  all  times.  Most  pump  manufacturers  refuse  to  guarantee  pump 
performance  unless  the  bottom  bowl  is  submerged.  If  the  pump  is 
installed  with  no  additional  column,  it  may  fail  to  prime,  and  to 
deliver  water  unless  the  bottom  bowl  is  submerged  when  the  pump  is 
started.  When  the  well  draw-down  (see  fig.  2)  is  not  accurately 
known,  the  precaution  of  having  some  extra  length  of  column  is  advis- 
able. Only  in  a  tested  well  of  known  water  level  and  draw-down,  is 
this  precaution  unnecessary,  and  even  in  such  a  case  the  improved 
operation  of  the  pump  may  warrant  the  installation  of  some  extra 
column. 

Length  of  the  Suction  Pipe. — The  length  of  the  suction  pipe  required 
varies  with  the  characteristics  of  the  well  and  the  design  of  the  pump. 
Most  deep  well  pumps  if  primed  at  the  start  will  still  deliver  some 
water,  even  if  the  water  level,  during  the  operation  of  pumping,  falls 
to  as  much  as  20  feet  below  the  bottom  bowl.  The  length  of  the 
suction  pipe  should  be  left  largely  to  the  judgment  of  the  pump 
manufacturer,  but  provision  should  be  made  to  take  care  of  a  lowering 
water  level. 

Air  Line. — In  order  to  check  the  performance  of  the  pump  and 
also  to  know  the  conditions  under  which  it  is  operating,  it  is  essential 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        19 

to  know  the  depth  to  the  water  in  the  well  while  pumping.  One  of 
the  most  satisfactory  methods  of  determining  this  depth  is  by  means 
of  an  air  pipe  line  and  gauge  permanently  installed  with  the  pump. 
The  proper  use  of  the  air-line  gauge  and  the  relation  between  gauge 
readings  and  the  depth  to  water  are  described  in  the  appendix,  page 
30.  It  is  essential  that  the  exact  vertical  length  of  the  air  line  be 
known  and  that  it  be  air  tight  after  installation.  In  every  case  it 
should  be  long  enough  to  reach  at  least  5  feet  below  the  bottom  of  the 
suction  pipe  in  order  to  obtain  satisfactory  gauge  readings. 

Discharge  Pipe. — It  is  necessary  to  have  not  less  than  six  feet  of 
discharge  pipe  to  determine  the  amount  of  water  discharged  by  the 
pump,  with  some  of  the  apparatus  now  in  general  use.  A  greater 
length  is  required  for  the  protection  of  the  pump  foundation  if  the 
pump  discharges  into  an  open  ditch. 

Section  3 

Description  of  Machinery. — Pumps  vary  considerably  in  construc- 
tion details  and  also  in  design.  The  buyer  should  select  the  particular 
pump  he  desires,  after  giving  careful  consideration  to  the  following 
factors : 

1.  Plow  are  other  pumps  of  this  make  and  design  performing  in 

this  territory  or  under  similar  conditions? 

2.  What  is  the  manufacturer's  or  seller's  reputation  for  fair  deal- 

ing? 

3.  Is  the  seller  a  responsible  party  ? 

4.  Can  replacement  parts  be  readily  obtained  and  installed  by  the 

seller,  if  required? 

5.  Can  changes  in  installation  be  economically  made  to  meet  future 

conditions  ? 

6.  What  is  the  performance  guarantee? 

7.  What  is  the  price? 

Successful  centrifugal,  turbine,  and  screw-pump  design  has  been 
and  still  is  the  result  of  the  application  of  both  theory  and  experi- 
mentation. 

Since  the  buyer,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  is  not  in  a  position 
to  check  the  correctness  of  the  pump  design,  he  must  rely  upon  the 
reputation  of  the  manufacturer,  the  operation  of  his  products  in 
that  locality,  and  the  performance  guarantee.  The  buyer  should  be 
furnished  a  catalogue  describing  the  pump  head,  pump  column,  shaft- 
ing and  bearings,  lubrication  system,  and  the  bowl  assembly  of  the 


20  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

pump  he  is  purchasing;  reference  should  be  made  in  the  contract  to 
such  catalogue  descriptions.  Description  and  ratings  should  also  be 
given  of  all  other  equipment  and  material  required  to  complete  the 
installation. 

Different  Bids. — The  buyer  should  make  sure  that  all  bids  are 
submitted  on  as  nearly  the  same  basis  as  possible.  The  quantity  to 
be  pumped  at  normal  head  should  be  the  same,  and  in  the  case  of 
direct-connected  pumps  it  is  particularly  important  that  the  motor 
speeds  be  the  same.  The  electrical  apparatus,  motor,  switch,  com- 
pensator, relay  protection,  etc.,  should  be  compared  to  make  sure  that 
bids  are  for  the  same  or  equivalent  machinery.  If  two  bids,  in  which 
the  specifications  vary,  are  being  considered,  competitors  should  be 
given  an  opportunity  to  reduce  their  bids  to  a  comparable  basis. 

Section  4 

Dates  of  Installation  and  Shipment  of  Pump. — Section  4  provides 
for  the  date  of  shipment  and  installation  of  the  pump.  As  these  two 
dates  are  often  of  major  importance  to  the  buyer,  he  should  carefully 
examine  the  agreement  to  see  that  it  is  filled  out  in  accordance  with 
his  understanding.     Oral  agreements  are  not  binding. 

If  shipment  is  not  made  within  the  time  specified,  and  the  delay 
is  not  caused  by  strikes  or  acts  beyond  the  seller's  control,  the  buyer 
may  cancel  the  contract  by  giving  written  notice  to  the  seller  and  he 
may  then  purchase  elsewhere. 

Section  5 

Section  5  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  agreement.  It 
specifies  the  conditions  for  which  the  pump  is  guaranteed.  These  con- 
ditions are  specified  by  the  buyer.  He  should  be  sure  that  no  part 
of  the  well  or  casing,  to  the  depth  indicated,  is  less  than  that  given 
as  the  minimum  inside  diameter;  this  dimension  can  generally  be 
ascertained  by  lowering  a  pipe  of  the  correct  size  to  the  depth  required. 
It  is  also  important  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  well  is  crooked 
or  out  of  plumb.  If  it  is  found  to  be  so,  then  it  may  be  necessary  to 
install  a  smaller  pump,  in  order  to  secure  satisfactory  operation,  or 
in  extreme  cases,  to  drill  a  new  hole.  The  buyer  should  make  all 
measurements  himself,  and  if  possible  have  them  checked  by  the 
seller's  representative. 

Static  Water  Level. — The  static  water  level  (see  fig.  2,  p.  17)  is 
the  distance  from  ground  surface  to  the  water  in  the  well  when  not 
pumping. 


Bul.  448]        FARMERS*  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        21 

Pumping  Level  and  Draw-down. — The  pumping  level  is  the  dis- 
tance from  ground  surface  to  water  while  pumping.  It  is  the  static 
water  level  plus  draw-down  (see  fig.  2,  p.  17).  The  draw-down  for 
most  California  wells  increases  at  a  somewhat  greater  rate  than  in 
direct  proportion  to  the  amount  of  water  pumped.  That  is,  if  the 
draw-down  is  10  feet  for  500  gallons  per  minute  it  will  probably  be 
in  excess  of  20  feet  for  1,000  g.p.m.  In  loose  gravels,  however,  the 
draw-down  is  nearly  proportional  to  the  amount  of  water  pumped. 

Well  Testing. — Every  well  should  be  tested  before  a  new  pump  is 
installed,  if  the  cost  is  at  all  reasonable.  The  buyer  may  then  specify 
accurately  the  amount  of  water  which  can  be  obtained  with  any 
anticipated  draw-down.  This  information  is  vitally  essential  to  the 
seller  in  the  selection  of  the  pump  which  will  operate  most  econom- 
ically. The  pumping  level  when  the  pump  is  delivering  the  desired 
quantity  is  also  one  of  the  essential  factors,  for  the  correctness  of 
which  the  buyer  is  responsible.  If  the  well  has  not  been  tested,  the 
draw-down  must  be  estimated.  Such  an  estimate  is  scarcely  more  than 
a  guess,  even  when  based  upon  the  delivery  of  other  wells  of  like  size 
in  the  district.  As  it  is  safer  to  underestimate  than  to  overestimate 
the  capacity  of  the  well,  the  buyer  should  be  conservative  and  allow 
in  contract  section  5  for  a  greater  draw-down  than  conditions  indi- 
cate. This  will  be  likely  to  result  in  a  better  installation  in  case  of 
error  in  judgment.  All  blanks  in  this  section  must  be  properly  filled  in. 

Section  6 

Changes  in  Speed. — The  blank  for  the  normal  full-load  speed  of 
the  motor  is  the  only  one  which  occurs  in  this  section. 

Sometimes  the  failure  of  a  pump  to  perform  as  guaranteed  is 
blamed  to  low  voltage.  The  voltage  fluctuations  which  are  likely  to 
occur  will  ordinarily  have  slight  effect  upon  the  amount  of  water 
discharged,  as  may  be  seen  by  examining  the  data  gathered  by  engi- 
neers of  the  California  Railroad  Commission,  California  Farm  Bureau 
Federation,  and  San  Joaquin  Light  and  Power  Corporation  which 
are  summarized  on  page  41.  A  change  in  speed  does  cause  a  change 
in  delivery,  however;  and  to  take  care  of  such  a  contingency,  pro- 
vision has  been  made  in  this  section. 

Section  7 

Performance  Guarantee. — The  performance  guarantee  for  the 
installation  is  given  in  section  7.  The  importance  of  having  accurate 
information  upon  which  to  base  the  normal  pumping  level  in  the  well 


22  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(contract  Section  5)  is  apparent  after  reading  this  section  for,  first 
of  all,  the  guarantee  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  the  bottom  bowl  of 
the  pump  is  at  all  times  submerged  while  pumping.  If  the  draw- 
down has  been  underestimated,  this  may  not  be  the  case  for  the 
quantity  of  water  required.    Section  7  is  filled  in  by  the  seller. 

Normal  Gallons  per  Minute. — The  buyer  should  first  determine 
whether  or  not  the  quantity  stated  opposite  "normal"  in  the  column 
headed  "Quantity  in  gallons  per  minute"  is  the  amount  which  he 
requires,  and  which  the  well  will  deliver.  Next,  he  should  check  the 
"total  pumping  head  in  feet"  (see  fig.  2,  p.  17)  corresponding  to 
"normal."  This  should  be  the  distance  to  water,  while  pumping, 
as  given  in  contract  section  5,  plus  the  head,  if  any,  above  ground. 
The  head  above  ground,  which  needs  to  be  considered  here,  consists 
of  the  vertical  distance  between  the  ground  level  at  the  pump  and 
the  point  where  the  water  discharges,  plus  the  additional  head  required 
to  overcome  friction  in  the  pipe  lines.  (See  table  4,  p.  38,  and  also 
the  calculation  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Jones,  p.  7.) 

Horsepower  Input. — The  buyer  should  next  check  the  power 
input,  given  in  the  last  column,  corresponding  to  normal.  This  power 
input,  for  pumps  direct-connected  to  motor,  is  measured  at  the  electric 
meter;  it,  therefore,  includes  the  power  required  by  the  pump  to 
deliver  the  quantity  of  water  stated  against  the  head  given,  plus  the 
losses  in  the  motor  and  electric  wiring.  As  these  losses  vary,  and 
as  the  amount  of  power  for  the  same  conditions  varies  with  different 
pumps,  it  is  impossible  to  state  accurately  the  power  input  at  meter 
which  would  apply  to  any  particular  case.  However,  for  an  approxi- 
mate guide,  the  inputs  given  in  table  3,  page  35,  may  be  used  for 
reference. 

When  comparing  two  bids,  the  buyer  should  consider  the  power 
inputs  required  to  deliver  a  given  quantity  of  water  against  a  given 
head. 

Cost  of  Power. — The  power  economy  of  operation  is  often  over- 
emphasized by  those  who  have  not  given  careful  consideration  to  this 
factor  of  cost.  The  cost  of  power  is  only  one  of  many  which  go  to 
make  up  the  total  cost  of  water  delivered  to  the  land,  or  the  cost  of 
water  in  producing  a  crop.  The  ability  to  deliver  an  adequate  supply 
of  water  to  crops  at  the  time  it  is  required  is  far  more  essential  than 
saving  a  few  dollars  in  the  power  bill. 

The  importance  of  the  power  input  varies  with  the  number  of 
hours  an  installation  is  operated  during  the  season.  The  greater 
the  number  of  hours  of  operation  each  year,  the  more  important 
becomes  the  maximum  required  horsepower  and  the  more  the  buyer 


BUL.  448]      farmers'  purchase  agreement  for  deep  well  pumps      23 

can  afford  to  pay  to  get  a  pump  installation  having  a  smaller  power 
input.     (See  p.  42.) 

Size  of  Motor. — As  previously  explained,  the  'input  to  meter' 
includes  motor  losses.  The  rating  of  the  motor  will  therefore  in  most 
instances  be  less  than  the  inputs  given  in  contract  section  7.  (See 
table  2,  p.  34.)  While  the  ordinary  induction  motor  operates  satis- 
factorily with  considerable  overload,  some  of  the  recently  designed 
'self -start'  or  'auto-start'  type  have  starting  characteristics  not  well 
adapted  to  overload  conditions,  especially  if  the  line  voltage  is  low. 
For  this  type  of  motor,  the  maximum  horsepower  input  at  meter 
should  not  be  more  than  20  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  rating  of  the 
motor.  Induction  motors  which  are  started  by  means  of  compensators 
will  as  a  rule  safely  carry  loads  which  require  inputs,  measured  at 
meter,  30  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  nominal  motor  rating  for  sizes 
up  to  50  H.P. 

Performance  at  Other  Points  than  Normal. — Three  guarantees  of 
performance  at  points  other  than  normal  are  provided  in  the  contract. 
These  must  be  filled  out  completely.  They  show  how  the  pump  will 
perform  if  operated  under  conditions  other  than  those  anticipated  for 
normal.  If  the  exact  draw-down  is  not  known,  the  head  may  fall  on 
or  near  some  of  the  other  points.  The  data  given  in  this  section 
permit  the  buyer  to  know  the  performance  under  such  conditions, 
and  to  compel  the  seller  to  deliver  a  quantity  of  water  corresponding 
to  the  actual  head  with  a  guaranteed  power  input.  The  contract  also 
provides  that  additional  guaranteed  points  be  given,  if  the  buyer 
deems  them  necessary.  Where  the  water  table  is  falling  rapidly,  it 
may  be  advisable  for  him  to  require  guaranteed  quanitites  and 
inputs  for  conditions  as  high  as  30  per  cent  above  the  normal  head. 
Also,  when  water  is  delivered  to  several  different  levels  of  land,  these 
other  points,  corresponding  to  the  total  head  involved,  should  be 
specified.  Likewise,  where  the  total  head  is  small  (75  feet  or  less) 
then  a  wide  range  should  be  covered  in  the  guarantee,  at  least  from 
10  per  cent  below  to  30  per  cent  above  normal. 

Shut-off  Head. — The  quantity  of  water  discharged  by  pumps  of 
the  centrifugal  type  driven  at  a  constant  speed  decreases  as  the  head 
increases.  It  is  evident  then  that  if  the  head  is  increased  sufficiently 
a  point  will  eventually  be  reached  at  which  no  water  will  be  dis- 
charged. This  is  known  as  the  'shut-off,'  'throttle,'  or  'static'  head 
of  the  pump. 

Where  the  water  table  is  unstable,  the  performance  under  con- 
ditions  other   than   those   termed   normal   should   be    given   careful 


24 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


consideration.  If  possible,  the  pump  should  be  selected  so  that  its 
performance  after  two  or  three  years,  with  a  changed  water  table, 
will  be  satisfactory.  If  the  water  table  is  lowering,  it  is  advisable 
to  choose  a  pump  which  performs  best  with  a  total  head  somewhat 
greater  than  that  which  at  present  obtains.  It  should  also  be  borne 
in  mind  that  as  the  head  increases  (water  table  lowers),  the  quantity 
of  water  decreases. 

Comparison  of  Pump  Performances. — Pump  performances  for 
different  heads  and  discharges  can  be  readily  compared  by  multiplying 
the  head  by  the  discharge  and  then  dividing  the  product  by  the  corre- 
sponding maximum  required  power  input.  In  each  case,  the  pump 
performance  is  best  for  the  point  having  the  greatest  quotient.  The 
following  example  illustrates  the  method.  In  section  7,  page  10,  the 
contract  between  Mr.  Jones  and  the  Deep  Well  Pump  Company  stated, 
in  part,  the  following : 


10  per  cent  above  normal 

Normal 

10  per  cent  below  normal 


Head 
in  feet 


Quantity 
g.p.m. 


440 
500 
550 


Maximum 
H.P.  input 


17.16 
17.39 
17.83 


Comparison  of  performance  is  made  as  follows : 


10  per  cent  above = —  =2,256 


Normal 


17.16 

80X500 

17.39 


=  2,300 


10  per  cent  below  =  72X550=2,221 
17.83 

The  best  performance  is  indicated  by  the  greatest  quotient,  which 
in  this  case  is  at  normal.  This  method  can  also  be  used  to  compare 
performances  of  different  pumps. 

Section  8 

Terms  of  Payment. — As  the  terms  of  payment  are  plainly  set  forth, 
little  comment  is  required  on  section  8.  The  first  payment  is  to  be 
made  when  the  buyer  signs  the  contract.  The  second  payment 
normally  becomes  due  after  completion  of  the  installation,  and  the 
third  after  the  machinery  meets  the  guaranteed  performance,  and  at 
such  time  as  is  mutually  agreed  upon.  The  cost  of  any  extra  work 
not  specifically  covered  by  the  agreement  is  in  addition  to  the  contract 
price.     (See  contract,  section  10  and  section  13.) 


Bul.  448] 


Section  9 

Installation  of  Pump. — Two  methods  of  purchase  are  provided : 
one  specifies  delivery  at  the  factory  or  f.o.b.  rail  destination,  in  which 
case  installation  is  made  by  the  buyer  (contract  section  9- A)  ;  the 
other  includes  the  installation  (contract  section  9-B).  Because  of  the 
risks  involved — such  as  accidents  to  men  and  machinery — for  which 
the  buyer  is  responsible  under  the  first  method,  it  is  ordinarily  better 
to  purchase  the  pump  under  conditions  in  9-B. 

The  blanks  provided  in  section  9-B  should  be  so  filled  in  as  to 
definitely  locate  the  well  in  which  the  pump  is  to  be  installed.  If 
the  buyer  does  not  wish  to  take  advantage  of  the  provisions  which 
permit  him  to  furnish  certain  items  of  material  and  labor  for  the 
installation  of  the  pump  and  thereby  reduce  the  price  to  him,  he 
may  strike  out  any  or  all  of  the  items  listed  in  section  9-B  under  ' '  the 
buyer  is  to  furnish." 

Section  10 

Factory  and  Field  Tests. — A  choice  between  two  methods  of  check- 
ing the  pump  performance  is  provided:  a  factory  test  under  option 
"A"  or  a  field  test  under  option  "B."  Which  should  be  chosen  is 
a  matter  for  individual  consideration.  If  the  pump  setting  (depth 
to  bowls)  is  not  more  than  100  feet  and  the  well  is  not  easily  accessible 
for  field  test,  it  may  be  advisable  to  have  a  factory  test.  Should  such 
a  test  be  chosen,  care  should  be  taken  to  indicate,  in  the  space  pro- 
vided, the  amount  of  notice  required.  The  cost  of  a  factory  test  will 
almost  always  be  borne  by  the  buyer,  since  the  seller  usually  has  no 
trouble  in  selecting  a  pump  which  will  meet  his  guarantee.  In  fact, 
he  will  probably  have  several  from  which  to  select.  As  factory  test 
conditions  are  somewhat  more  favorable  to  the  seller  than  those  of  a 
field  test,  the  latter  option  should  usually  be  chosen. 

The  selection  of  option  "B"  does  not  mean  that  a  test  will  be 
made,  but  that  the  buyer  has  the  opportunity  to  require  the  test  if 
he  believes  the  pump  does  not  meet  the  guarantee.  A  preliminary 
test  may  be  made  by  either  the  buyer  or  the  seller  to  determine  how 
the  pump  is  operating.  If,  as  a  result  of  his  check,  the  buyer  believes 
that  the  pump  is  not  meeting  the  performance  guarantee,  he  may 
demand,  within  a  ten-day  period  following  notification  by  the  seller 
that  the  pump  is  ready  for  operation,  a  test  by  some  engineer  pre- 
viously agreed  upon  by  both  buyer  and  seller. 


26  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Meeting  the  Cost  of  the  Test. — The  findings  of  the  engineer  are 
binding  upon  both  parties.  If  he  finds  that  the  pump  is  meeting  the 
guarantee,  then  the  cost  of  the  test  is  to  be  paid  by  the  buyer,  and  is 
in  addition  to  the  contract  price  of  the  pump.  If  the  pump  fails  to 
meet  the  guarantee,  the  cost  of  the  test  is  to  be  paid  by  the  seller. 

Seller's  Option  in  Case  of  Failure. — The  seller,  however,  has  the 
option  of  bringing  the  plant  up  to  the  guaranteed  performance,  or 
refunding  all  money  paid  by  the  buyer  and  removing  the  pump.  In 
some  instances  it  will  be  more  satisfactory  to  both  buyer  and  seller 
to  agree  upon  an  adjustment  in  the  sale  price  to  offset  the  loss  to  the 
buyer  due  to  poor  performance. 

Selection  of  the  Testing  Engineer. — If  the  field  test  is  chosen,  the 
buyer  should  be  sure  that  the  name  of  the  testing  engineer  and  the 
price  of  the  test  are  given  in  this  paragraph.  This  section  further 
provides  that  if  the  engineer  selected  at  the  time  of  the  writing  of  the 
contract  is  not  available  to  perform  the  test  when  desired,  the  buyer 
must,  within  five  days  after  receiving  notice  from  the  seller,  name 
another  engineer  to  perform  the  test.  An  accredited  list  of  testing 
engineers  will  be  furnished  by  the  seller  to  assist  the  purchaser  in 
making  his  selection. 

Section  11 

Air,  Gas,  or  Sand  in  Water. — Section  11  specifies  certain  conditions 
which  void  the  performance  guarantee,  as,  for  example,  excessive  wear 
due  to  pumping  sand  prior  to  test.  Such  wear  may  occur  if  the  well 
has  not  been  developed  before  the  pump  is  installed.  Great  care  then 
should  be  taken  in  developing  a  well  with  a  new  pump,  for  sand, 
especially  if  fine  and  sharp,  will  grind  the  pump  runners,  thus  causing 
excessive  leakage.  In  such  event,  the  seller  cannot  be  held  responsible. 
If  sand  or  other  foreign  material  is  present,  the  seller  has  the  right 
to  require  that  the  pump  be  withdrawn  to  determine  whether  it  has 
worn  the  pump  runner  excessively.  Developing  wells  with  new  pumps 
should  be  avoided  if  possible. 

Air  and  gas,  even  in  small  quantities,  may  adversely  effect  pump 
performance,  and  if  there  is  an  appreciable  quantity  of  either  in  the 
water,  the  testing  engineer  may,  under  the  contract,  declare  the  guar- 
antee met,  regardless  of  performance.  If  air  or  gas  is  known  to  be 
present  in  the  water,  it  is  advisable  for  the  buyer  so  to  inform  bidders 
and  to  request  bids  from  them  on  this  basis,  properly  modifying  the 
wording  of  the  contract  in  regard  thereto. 

Excessive  quantities  of  foreign  material,  such  as  sand,  might  also 
affect  the  pump  performance  by  causing  a  change  in  density. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        27 

The  Decision  of  the  Testing  Engineer  is  Final. — The  judgment  of 
the  testing  engineer  is  final  relative  to  the  effect  of  gas,  air,  or  foreign 
material  upon  pump  performance.  The  contract  also  states  that  the 
guarantee  shall  be  considered  as  met  if  the  well  is  sufficiently  crooked 
to  interfere  with  the  operation  of  the  pump. 

Well  Must  Have  Sufficient  Water. — The  agreement  provides  that 
if  there  is  sufficient  water  in  the  well  to  test  the  pump  at  any  point 
within  the  range  specified,  then  the  guarantee  is  in  force,  otherwise 
it  is  considered  as  met.  The  pump  performance  guarantee  is  based 
upon  the  condition  that  the  bottom  pump  bowl  shall  at  all  times  be 
under  water.  If,  for  example,  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Jones  (see  section  7, 
p.  10),  the  well  will  not  deliver  at  least  250  g.p.m.,  it  is  obvious  that 
the  pump  cannot  be  tested  in  accordance  with  the  guarantee;  the 
pump  then  must  be  accepted  as  installed.  Although  every  precaution 
has  been  taken  to  protect  the  buyer  in  this  connection,  only  by  having 
the  well  tested  can  he  be  sure  that  the  pump  will  fit  his  requirements. 
However,  in  many  cases  it  is  advisable  to  go  ahead  without  a  well  test 
if  water  conditions  are  fairly  well  established  in  the  territory.  It 
costs  little  more  to  change  the  pump,  if  necessary,  than  to  test  the 
well. 

The  entire  agreement  is  based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  buyer 
is  responsible  for  the  condition  of  the  well  and  the  seller  for  the  pump 
and  general  installation  of  equipment. 

Section  12 

Section  12,  which  is  standard  in  most  machinery  contracts,  pro- 
vides for  renewal  of  defective  parts.    It  is  self-explanatory. 

Section  13 

Section  13  deals  with  the  ownership  of  the  pump  equipment  prior 
to  the  final  payment  for  the  pump  and  for  any  extras  furnished  under 
this  agreement. 

Section  14 

Insurance  to  be  Taken  Out  by  the  Buyer. — The  contract  provides 
that  after  the  pump  has  been  delivered  and  until  it  is  fully  paid  for, 
the  buyer  shall  be  responsible  for  any  loss  or  damage  to  it.  The  point 
of  delivery,  in  case  installation  is  made  by  the  buyer,  is  that  given  in 
contract  section  9-A ;  in  case  installation  is  made  by  the  seller,  then  it 


28  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

becomes  the  well  location  given  in  contract  section  9-B.  The  buyer 
is  responsible  for  any  losses  or  damage  due  to  fire,  theft,  weather, 
etc.,  after  delivery  is  made,  whether  the  pump  is  installed  or  not. 

Section  15 

This  section,  which  is  found  in  almost  all  machinery  contracts, 
requires  no  explanation. 

Section  16 

Delays  in  Delivery. — Section  16,  which  is  also  common  to  most 
machinery  contracts,  frees  the  seller  from  responsibility  for  delays 
over  which  he  has  no  control.  Should  the  buyer  decide  that  he  cannot 
afford  to  wait  until  delivery  can  be  made  by  the  seller,  however,  he 
should  give  the  latter  notice  to  that  effect  in  writing,  retaining  a  copy 
of  his  letter.  This  privilege  is  extended  regardless  of  what  occasioned 
the  delay.  If  the  delay  in  delivery  is  one  over  which  the  seller  has 
control,  then  the  buyer  may  refuse  to  accept  the  equipment  and  may 
start  civil  action.  "Voluntary  receipt  of  the  machinery"  is  a  waiver 
of  all  damage  claims. 

Section  17 

Consequential  Damages. — Most  machinery  contracts  contain  clauses 
similar  to  those  in  section  17  which  provides  that  the  seller  is  not 
responsible  for  consequential  damages.  The  seller  is  authorized  in 
this  clause  to  make  all  necessary  changes  which  may  be  required  for 
the  installation  of  the  pump,  unless  permission  is  specifically  denied 
by  the  buyer.  In  order  to  avoid  delays  and  to  protect  his  interests,  the 
buyer  should  be  present  during  the  installation  of  the  pump.  He  has 
the  right  to  prohibit  any  work  which  may  injure  the  well.  It  is 
important  that  the  buyer  keep  in  close  touch  with  the  installation 
of  the  pump,  since  consequential  damages  are  specifically  waived 
by  him. 

This  section  further  provides  that,  in  case  defects  in  the  well  make 
it  impossible  to  install  the  pump,  the  buyer  must  pay  the  seller  only 
for  time,  material,  and  other  costs  incurred  in  attempting  installation. 

Place  of  Court  Action. — In  case  of  court  action,  it  is  agreed  that 
suits  brought  by  the  buyer  shall  be  instituted  in  the  county  in  which 
the  seller  has  his  principal  office  in  California.  Vice  versa,  those 
brought  by  the  seller  against  the  buyer  must  be  instituted  in  the 
county  where  the  well  is  located,  or  the  county  where  the  buyer  lists 
his  address  in  the  agreement. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        29 

Oral  Agreements  Not  Binding. — The  written  agreement  takes 
precedence  over  all  oral  promises  made  prior  to  or  subsequent  to  it. 
It  is  the  contract,  and  cannot  be  changed  except  by  mutual  agreement 
in  writing. 

Approval  of  Contract. — The  agreement  does  not  become  binding 
until  approved  by  an  authorized  officer  of  the  seller ;  the  signature  of 
the  salesman  does  not  bind  the  seller.    If,  after  signing  and  delivering 


Tig.  3. — A  deep  well  pump  discharging  into  a  concrete  pipe  line.  The  center 
section  of  the  roof  can  be  removed  if  it  becomes  necessary  to  pull  the  pump.  The 
overhead  discharge  pipe  is  poor  construction;  a  horizontal  discharge  direct  to  the 
standpipe  should  be  used. 


the  agreement  to  the  seller  or  his  representative,  the  buyer  does  not 
receive  a  copy  approved  by  the  seller  within  a  reasonable  time,  he 
may  notify  the  latter  by  telegram  or  by  letter  that  his  approval  of 
the  contract  is  withdrawn.  This  notice  permits  the  buyer  then  to 
make  other  arrangements  and  protect  himself  against  delays  in  secur- 
ing the  pump. 


30  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


APPENDIX 

How  to  Determine  the  Depth  to  Water 

Electric-Sounder  Method. — Two  methods  are  commonly  used  to 
determine  the  depth  to  water  in  a  well.  In  one,  known  as  the  electric- 
sounder  method,  it  is  found  by  lowering  inside  of  the  well  casing  a 
weighted,  insulated  wire,  only  the  tip  end  of  which  is  exposed. 
Although  the  tip  itself  is  so  protected  with  insulation  that  it  cannot 
come  in  contact  with  the  pump  column  or  well  casing,  it  closes  an 
electric  circuit  through  the  wire  when  it  touches  the  water.  A  bell 
placed  in  the  circuit  rings  as  soon  as  the  water  is  reached.  Electric 
energy  is  usually  supplied  by  means  of  a  magneto.  The  electric 
sounder  method  is  reliable  only  if  no  water  falls  into  the  well  from 
strata  above  the  pumping  level. 

Air-line  Method. — A  more  satisfactory  method  of  determining  water 
level  involves  the  use  of  an  air  line  of  known  vertical  length  and  a 
pressure  gauge.  The  former  is  installed  with  the  pump,  should  have 
sufficient  length  to  reach  about  twenty  feet  beyond  the  lowest  antici- 
pated water  level  in  the  well  in  order  to  assure  more  reliable  gauge 
readings,  and  preferably  should  not  be  attached  to  the  column  or 
bowls.  An  air-pressure  gauge  indicates  the  pressure  in  the  air  line. 
When  air  is  forced  into  the  line  by  means  of  a  bicycle  or  automobile 
tire  pump  the  gauge  pressure  increases  until  all  the  water  has  been 
expelled.  When  this  point  is  reached  the  gauge  reading  becomes 
constant.  The  maximum  maintained  air  pressure  recorded  by  the 
gauge  is  equivalent  to  that  necessary  to  support  a  column  of  water 
of  the  same  height  as  that  forced  out  of  the  air  line.  The  length  of 
this  water  column  is  equal  to  the  amount  of  air  line  submerged  and 
may  readily  be  determined  from  the  following  formula: 

Length  of  air  line  submerged  =  2.31  X  maximum  gauge  reading  in  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

The  exact  distance  from  the  center  of  gauge  to  the  water  level  in 
the  well  is  found  by  subtracting  the  length  submerged  from  the  total 
vertical  distance  between  the  center  of  the  gauge  and  the  bottom 
of  the  air  line.    The  following  example  illustrates  the  method. 

If  the  vertical  length  of  air  line  is 95  feet, 

and  the  maximum  maintained  air  pressure  is 16.5  pounds, 

then  the  depth  to  water  is  95—  (16.5  X  2.31)  = 56.88  feet 

below  center  of  gauge. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        31 

The  same  answer  could  have  been  obtained  by  interpolating  in 
table  1.  Thus :  for  an  air  line  95  feet  long,  the  distance  to  water  with 
16  pounds  of  air  pressure  is  58.04  feet,  and  with  17  pounds  is  55.73 
feet.    Therefore,  for  16.5  pounds,  it  is  56.88  feet. 

TABLE  1 
Depth  to  Water,  Determined  from  Air-Line  Pres sure-Gauge  Eeadings 


Length 

Maximum  maintained  air  pressure,  r« 

gistered  by  gauge,  in  pounds 

of 

air  line, 
in  feet 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Depth  to  water 

in  feet 

10 

7.69 

5.38 

3.07 

0.76 

11 

8.69 

6.38 

4.07 

1.76 

12 

9.69 

7.38 

5.07 

2.76 

0.45 

13 

10.69 

8.38 

6.07 

3.76 

1.45 

14 

11.69 

9.38 

7.07 

4.76 

2.45 

0.14 

15 

12.69 

10.38 

8.07 

5.76 

3.45 

1.14 

16 

13.69 

11.38 

9.07 

6.76 

4.45 

2.14 

17 

14.69 

12.38 

10.07 

7.76 

5.45 

3.14 

0.83 

18 

15.69 

13.38 

11.07 

8.76 

6.45 

4.14 

1.83 

19 

16.69 

14.38 

12.07 

9.76 

7.45 

5.14 

2.83 

0.52 

20 

17.69 

15.38 

13.07 

10.76 

8.45 

6.14 

3.83 

1.52 

25 

22.69 

20.38 

18.07 

15.76 

13.45 

11.14 

8.83 

6.52 

4.21 

1.90 

30 

27.69 

25.38 

23.07 

20.76 

18.45 

16.14 

13.83 

11.52 

9.21 

6.90 

4.59 

2.28 

35 

32.69 

30.38 

28.07 

25.76 

23.45 

21.14 

18.83 

16.52 

14.21 

11.90 

9.59 

7.28 

4.97 

40 

37.69 

35.38 

33.07 

30.76 

28.45 

26.14 

23.83 

21.52 

19.21 

16.90 

14.59 

12.28 

9.97 

45 

42.69 

40.38 

38.07 

35.76 

33.45 

31.14 

2883 

26.52 

24.21 

21.90 

19.59 

17.28 

14.97 

50 

47.69 

45.38 

43.07 

40.76 

38.45 

36.14 

33.83 

31.52 

29.21 

26.90 

24.59 

22.28 

19.97 

55 

52.69 

50.38 

48.07 

45.76 

43.45 

41.14 

38.83 

36.52 

34.21 

31.90 

29.59 

27.28 

24.97 

60 

57.69 

55.38 

53.07 

50.76 

48.45 

46.14 

43.83 

41.52 

39.21 

36.90 

34.59 

32.28 

29.97 

65 

62.69 

60.38 

58.07 

55.76 

53.45 

51.14 

48.83 

46.52 

44.21 

41.90 

39.59 

37.28 

34.97 

70 

67.69 

65.38 

63.07 

60.76 

58.45 

56.14 

53.83 

51.52 

49.21 

46.90 

44.59 

42.28 

39.97 

75 

72.69 

70.38 

68.07 

65.76 

63.45 

61.14 

58.83 

56.52 

54.21 

51.90 

49.59 

47.28 

44.97 

80 

77.69 

75.38 

73.07 

70.76 

68.45 

66.14 

63.83 

61.52 

59.21 

56.90 

54.59 

52.28 

49.97 

85 

82.69 

80.38 

78.07 

75.76 

73.45 

71.14 

68.83 

66.52 

64.21 

61.90 

59.59 

57.28 

54.97 

90 

87.69 

85.38 

83.07 

80.76 

78.45 

76.14 

73.83 

71.52 

69.21 

66.90 

64.59 

62.28 

59.97 

95 

92.69 

90.38 

88.07 

85.76 

83.45 

81.14 

78.83 

76.52 

74.21 

71.90 

69.59 

67.28 

64.97 

100 

97.69 

95.38 

93.07 

90.76 

88.45 

86.14 

83.83 

81.52 

79.21 

76.90 

74.59 

72.28 

69.97 

110 

107.69 

105.38 

103.07 

100.76 

98.45 

96.14 

93.83 

91.52 

89.21 

86.90 

84.59 

82.28 

79.97 

120 

117.69 

115.38 

113.07 

110.76 

108.45 

106.14 

103.83 

101.52 

99.21 

96.90 

94.59 

92  28 

89.97 

130 

127.69 

125.38 

123.07 

120.76 

118.45 

116.14 

113.83 

111.52 

109.21 

106.90 

104.59 

102.28 

99.97 

140 

137.69 

135.38 

133.07 

130.76 

128.45 

126.14 

123.83 

121.52 

119.21 

116.90 

114.59 

112  28 

109.97 

150 

147.69 

145.38 

143.07 

140.76 

138.45 

136.14 

133.83 

131.52 

129.21 

126.90 

124.59 

122.28 

119.97 

160 

157.69 

155.38 

153.07 

150.76 

148.45 

146.14 

143.83 

141.52 

139.21 

136.90 

134.59 

132  28 

129.97 

170 

167.69 

165.38 

163.07 

160.76 

158.45 

156.14 

153.83 

151.52 

149.21 

146.90 

144  59 

142.28 

139.97 

180 

177.69 

175.38 

173.07 

170.76 

168.45 

166.14 

163.83 

161.52 

159.21 

156.90 

154.59 

152.28 

149.97 

190 

187.69 

185.38 

183.07 

180.76 

178.45 

176.14 

173.83 

171.52 

169.21 

166.90 

164.59 

162.28 

15997 

200 

197.69 

195.38 

193.07 

190.76 

188.45 

186.14 

183.83 

181.52 

179.21 

176.90 

174.59 

172.28 

169.97 

220 

217.69 

215.38 

213.07 

210.76 

208.45 

206.14 

203.83 

201.52 

199.21 

196.90 

194.59 

192.28 

189.97 

240 

237.69 

235.38 

233.07 

230.76 

228.45 

226.14 

223.83 

221.52 

219.21 

216.90 

214.59 

212.28 

209.97 

260 

[257.69 

255.38 

253.07 

250.76 

248.45 

246.14 

243.83 

241.52 

239.21 

236.90 

234.59 

232.28 

229.97 

280 

277.69 

275.38 

273.07 

270.76 

268.45 

266.14 

263.83 

261.52 

259.21 

256.90 

254.59 

252.28 

249.97 

300 

297.69 

295.38 

293.07 

290.76 

288.45 

286.14 

283.83 

281.52 

279.21 

276.90 

274.59 

272.28 

269.97 

32 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  1— (Continued) 


Length 

Maximum  maintained  air  pressure,  registered  by  gauge,  in  pounds 

of 

air  line, 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

in  feet 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

Depth 

to  water 

in  feet 

17 
18 
19 
20 

25 
30 
35 

2.66 

0.35 











40 

7.66 

5.35 

3.04 

0.73 

45 

12.66 

10.35 

8.04 

5.73 

3.42 

1.11 

50 

17.66 

15.35 

13.04 

10.73 

8.42 

6.11 

3.80 

55 

22.66 

20.35 

18.04 

15.73 

13.42 

11.11 

8 

80 

60 

27.66 

25.35 

23.04 

20.73 

18.42 

16.11 

13 

80 

2.25 

65 

32.66 

30.35 

28.04 

25.73 

23.42 

21.11 

18 

80 

7.25 

70 

37.66 

35.35 

33.04 

30.73 

28.42 

26.11 

23 

80 

12.25 

0.70 

75 

42.66 

40.35 

38.04 

35.73 

33.42 

31.11 

28 

80 

17.25 

5.70 

80 

47.66 

45.35 

43.04 

40.73 

38.42 

36.11 

33 

80 

22.25 

10.70 

85 

52.66 

50.35 

48.04 

45.73 

43.42 

41.11 

38 

80 

2725 

15.70 

4.15 

90 

57.66 

55.35 

53.04 

50.73 

4842 

46.11 

43 

80 

32.25 

20.70 

9.15 

95 

62.66 

60.35 

58.04 

55.73 

53.42 

51.11 

48 

80 

37.25 

25.70 

14.15 

2.60 

100 

67.66 

65.35 

63.04 

60.73 

58.42 

56.11 

53 

80 

42.25 

30.70 

19.15 

7.60 

110 

77.66 

75.35 

73.04 

70.73 

68.42 

66.11 

63 

80 

52.25 

40.70 

29.15 

17.60 

6.05 

120 

87.66 

85.35 

83.04 

80.73 

78.42 

76.11 

73 

80 

62.25 

50.70 

39.15 

27.60 

16.05 

4.50 

130 

97.66 

95.35 

93.04 

9073 

88.42 

86.11 

83 

80 

72.25 

60.70 

49.15 

37.60 

26  05 

14.50 

140 

107.66 

105.35 

103.04 

100:73 

98.42 

96.11 

93 

80 

82.25 

70.70 

59.15 

47.60 

36.05 

24.50 

150 

117.66 

115.35 

113.04 

110.73 

108.42 

106.11 

103 

80 

92.25 

80.70 

69.15 

57.60 

46.05 

34.50 

160 

127.66 

125.35 

123.04 

120.73 

118.42 

116.11 

113 

80 

102.25 

90.70 

79.15 

67.60 

56.05 

44.50 

170 

137.66 

135.35 

133.04 

130  73 

128.42 

126.11 

123 

80 

112.25 

100.70 

89.15 

77.60 

66.05 

54.50 

180 

147.66 

145.35 

143.04 

140.73 

138.42 

136.11 

133 

80 

122.25 

110.70 

99.15 

87.60 

76.05 

64.50 

190 

157.66 

155  35 

153.04 

150.73 

148.42 

146.11 

143 

80 

132.25 

120.70 

109.15 

97.60 

86  05 

74.50 

200 

167.66 

165.35 

163.04 

160.73 

158.42 

156.11 

153 

80 

142.25 

130.70 

119.15 

107.60 

96.05 

84.50 

220 

187.66 

185.35 

183  04 

180.73 

178.42 

176.11 

173 

80 

162.25 

150.70 

139.15 

127.60 

116.05 

104.50 

240 

207.66 

205  35 

203.04 

200  73 

198.42 

196.11 

193 

80 

182.25 

170.70 

159.15 

147.60 

136.05 

124  50 

260 

227.66 

225.35 

223.04 

220.73 

218.42 

216.11 

213 

80 

202.25 

190.70 

179.15 

167.60 

156  05 

144.50 

280 

247.66 

245.35 

243.04 

240  73 

238.42 

236.11 

233 

80 

222.25 

210.70 

199.15 

187.60 

176.05 

164.50 

300 

267  66 

265.35 

263  04 

260.73 

258.42 

256.11 

253 

80 

242.25 

230.70 

219.15 

207.60 

196  05 

184.50 

Bul.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        33 

In  using  an  air  line  for  measuring  depth  to  water,  the  following 
precautions  should  be  observed  : 

1.  The  air  line  should  be  tight.  A  leaky  line  is  readily  detected, 
as  the  pressure  cannot  be  maintained  at  any  point.  If  the  leak  is  not 
excessive,  it  is  sometimes  possible,  by  fast  pumping,  to  obtain  fairly 
reliable  readings  of  maximum  pressure. 

2.  The  air  pressure  gauge  must  be  accurate. 

3.  The  exact  vertical  length  of  air  line  must  be  known. 

4.  The  air  line  should  extend  at  least  twenty  feet  below  the  water 
level  in  the  well  at  the  maximum  draw  down  and  at  least  5  feet  below 
the  end  of  the  suction  pipe,  in  order  to  insure  accurate  gauge  readings. 

The  air  line  should  be  installed  independently  of  the  pump  in 
order  to  facilitate  its  removal  in  case  a  leak  develops.  It  is  not  always 
possible  to  do  so,  however,  if  the  bowls  are  of  approximately  the  same 
outside  diameter  as  the  inside  of  the  well  casing. 


Safe  Size  of  Motor 

An  electric  motor  is  rated  by  the  horsepower  available  at  the 
pulley,  but,  because  of  losses  within  the  motor  itself,  this  is  always 
less  than  the  electric  power  input  indicated  at  the  meter. 

Table  2  is  furnished  only  as  a  guide  to  the  selection  of  a  motor  of 
proper  size.  Slight  variations  for  different  makes  and  types  may 
be  expected.  The  table  is  based  on  usual  design  and  provides  for  a 
continuous  overload  of  about  10  per  cent.  Greater  continuous  over- 
loads than  this  will  cause  the  motor  to  run  hot  and  the  windings  to 
deteriorate  rapidly.  While  a  well  loaded  motor  is  more  economical  to 
operate  from  the  standpoint  of  power  cost,  the  abuse  to  equipment 
caused  by  overloading  is  often  more  expensive  than  a  larger  motor 
would  be.  Repairs  and  delays  are  likewise  costly.  Each  motor  has 
its  own  safe  load  and,  if  forced  to  carry  more,  may  be  seriously 
damaged. 

The  following  table  can  be  used  in  checking  motor  specifications 
in  contract  section  3. 


34 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  2 

Safe  Stze  of  Induction  Motor  for  Various  Maximum  Inputs 

Measured  at  Meter 

(Based  on  10  per  cent  continuous  overload.) 


Nominal 

H.P.  rating 

motor 

Maximum 

H.P.  input 

measured  at 

meter 

3 

4.0 

5 

6.5 

7.5 

9.0 

10 

13.0 

15 

19.3 

20 

25.3 

25 

31.3 

30 

37.5 

40 

50.0 

50 

62.5 

60 

75.0 

75 

92.5 

100 

123.0 

125 

152.0 

150 

180.0 

175 

210.0 

200 

240.0 

Maximum   Horsepower  Inputs  Measured  at  Meter  for  Various 
Heads  and  Discharges 

Table  3  may  be  used  to  check  guarantees  submitted,  as  well  as  to 
assist  in  the  design  of  a  pumping-plant  installation.  For  example,  a 
pump  that  delivers  700  g.p.m.  against  a  head  of  125  feet  will  require 
about  37.5  H.P.  input  measured  at  the  meter.  A  reference  to  table  2 
shows  that  this  can  be  carried  by  a  30  H.P.  motor.  Obviously,  the 
pump  performance  will  be  different  for  every  installation;  it  is  pos- 
sible, therefore,  to  give  only  approximate  values  which  correspond  to 
good  average  performance. 


Factors  Affecting  Head 

The  total  pumping  head,  when  pumping  into  a  stand  pipe  of  an 
irrigation  system,  is,  for  practical  purposes,  made  up  of  the  following 
factors : 

1.  Head  below  Ground. — The  vertical  distance  from  the  water 
level  in  the  well,  while  pumping,  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  at  the 
well.  This  head  is  sometimes  called  the  pumping  lift.  It  can  be  deter- 
mined accurately  by  one  of  the  methods  outlined  on  page  30  of  the 
Appendix. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        35 


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36  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

2.  Head  above  Ground. — As  given  in  case  a  or  case  b  below. 

Case  a.  Discharge  of  Irrigation  Line  Higher  Than  Ground  Level 
at  the  Well :  The  head  above  ground  is  equal  to  the  vertical  distance 
between  the  ground  level  at  the  well  and  the  point  where  water  is 
discharged  from  the  irrigation  system,  plus  friction-head  losses  in  the 
irrigation  line  expressed  in  feet  of  head. 

Case  b.  Discharge  of  Irrigation  Line  Lower  Than  Ground  Level 
at  the  Well :  The  head  above  ground  is  equal  to  the  friction  losses  in 
the  irrigation  pipe  line,  expressed  in  feet  of  head,  minus  the  difference 
in  elevation  (vertical  distance)  between  the  ground  at  the  well  and 
the  point  where  water  is  discharged  from  the  irrigation  system.  If 
the  difference  in  elevation  is  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  friction-head 
losses  in  the  irrigation  pipe  line,  then  the  entire  additional  head  above 
ground  should  be  disregarded. 

The  head  above  ground  included  in  (2)  and  defined  in  case  a  and 
case  b,  is  comprised  of  two  elements :  first,  the  difference  in  elevation 
between  the  ground  level  at  the  well  and  the  point  in  the  irrigation 
system  where  water  is  discharged  (the  maximum  head  should  be 
taken)  ;  and,  second,  the  friction  head  in  the  irrigation  line,  which  is 
the  head  required  to  overcome  friction  losses  in  the  pipe  when  dis- 
charging the  desired  quantity  of  water. 

There  are,  theoretically,  other  small  losses,  but  these  are  practically 
negligible  when  a  pump  discharges  directly  into  an  irrigation  system, 
and  so  are  not  given  consideration  here. 

The  Use  of  the  Table. — The  head  required  to  force  various  quan- 
tities of  water  through  concrete  pipe  lines  (friction  head)  is  given  in 
table  4.9  When  this  table  is  used,  factors  of  safety  should  be  applied, 
varying  from  5  to  15  per  cent,  depending  upon  the  importance  of 
obtaining  the  total  amount  of  water  desired  at  the  end  of  the  line, 
the  penalty  for  shortages,  the  condition  of  the  pipe  and  joints,  and 
the  characteristics  of  the  water  carried,  allowances  being  made  for 
silting  of  the  pipe  if  the  water  is  dirty. 

A  10  per  cent  factor  of  safety  is  usually  an  adequate  allowance  for 
such  contingencies. 

The  use  of  the  table  is  readily  apparent  from  the  following  example 
which  corresponds  to  conditions  outlined  above  under  case  a. 


9  Adapted  from :   Scobey,  Fred  C,  et  al.     The  flow  of  water  in  concrete  pipe. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Dept.  Bui.  852:  1-54.     1920. 


BUL.  448]      farmers'  purchase  agreement  for  deep  well  pumps      37 

Problem:  Determine  the  total  pumping  head  necessary  to  deliver 
980  g.p.m.  through  a  12-inch  concrete  pipe  line  2000  feet  long.  The 
discharge  end  of  the  pipe  line  is  10  feet  higher  than  the  ground  at 
the  well,  and  the  distance  below  ground  to  water  in  the  well,  while 
pumping  is  100  feet. 

1.  Head  ~below  ground  (lift  in  well)  100.00  feet 

2.  Head  above  ground: 

Vertical  lift  above  ground  level  at  well 10.00  feet 

Friction  loss  in  irrigation  pipe  line 8.65  feet 

(This  friction  loss  is  obtained  from  Table  4.) 
Allowing  a  safety  factor   of   10   per   cent,  the  quantity   of 
water  to  be  considered  will  be 

980  X  1.10  =  1078  g.p.m. 
The  nearest  quantity  to  this  in  the  table  is  1089  g.p.m., 
which  shows  a  friction  loss  of  4.37  feet  for  1000  feet  of 
12-inch  pipe.     The  loss  then  for  2000  ft.  of  pipe  will  be 

1078 
2X-1089-X4-37  =  8-65 

3.  Total  pumping  head 118.65  feet 

Had  the  discharge  of  the  irrigation  line  been  10  feet  lower  than 
the  ground  at  the  well,  then  the  total  pumping  head  would  have  been 
100  feet,  since  the  pipe  losses  (8.65  feet)  minus  the  difference  in 
elevation  between  the  ground  at  the  well  and  the  point  of  discharge 
in  the  irrigation  system  (10  feet)  gives  a  negative  quantity.  In  other 
words,  the  slope  of  the  ground  from  the  well  to  the  point  of  discharge 
is  more  than  sufficient  to  overcome  friction  losses  in  the  pipe. 

Effect  of  Low  Voltage  and  Frequency  on  Pump  Performance. — 
The  effect  of  a  change  of  frequency  in  the  power  supply  upon  pump 
capacity  is  usually  marked,  if  the  change  is  appreciable.  The  speed 
of  an  induction  motor  varies  in  almost  direct  ratio  to  the  frequency 
of  the  alternating-current  supply.  The  standard  frequency  in  most 
of  California  is  60  cycles.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  however, 
a  large  area  is  served  with  50-cycle  power. 

If  the  frequency  drops  from  60  to  55  cycles  because  of  a  power- 
system  disturbance,  then  the  speed  of  an  induction  motor  running  at 
1160  r.p.m.  will  drop  to  about  1060  r.p.m.  Such  a  change,  which 
would  materially  lower  the  discharge  of  a  deep  well  pump,  can  be 
detected  readily  by  means  of  a  revolution  counter.  The  capacity  of 
the  pump  will  usually  decrease  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  the 
proportional  change  in  speed  would  indicate. 


38 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        39 


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40  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Low  voltage  will  also  cause  a  slight  reduction  in  the  speed  of  an 
induction  motor  and  consequently  a  decrease  in  pump  capacity.  It 
does  not  ordinarily  cause  much  reduction  in  pump  capacity,  however, 
if  the  voltage  is  not  less  than  10  per  cent  below  normal. 

Table  5  gives  the  results  of  several  tests  of  centrifugal  type  of 
deep  well  turbine  pumps  driven  by  direct-connected  induction  motors. 
The  report  on  these  tests10  states : 

Based  on  tests  made,  voltage  in  excess  of  normal  has  a  very  slight  effect  upon 
the  speed  of  the  motor;  probably  produces  less  than  1  per  cent  increase  in  speed 
for  10  per  cent  increase  above  normal  voltage.  It  is  also  true  that  voltage  below 
normal  does  not  greatly  affect  the  speed  of  the  motor.  For  voltage  drops  to  30 
per  cent  below  normal,  the  drop  in  speed  will  not  likely  exceed  1  per  cent  for 
each  10  per  cent  drop  in  voltage  with  constant  torque  on  motor.  The  speed  of  an 
induction  motor  equals  the  synchronous  speed  less  the  slip.  Theoretically  the  slip 
varies  inversely  as  the  square  of  the  voltage  for  constant  torque 

Other  factors  remaining  constant,  low  voltage  of  itself  has  a  very  slight  effect 
upon  the  capacity  of  a  pump.  The  capacity  of  a  pump  is  affected  by  the  speed 
at  which  it  is  driven.  The  actual  change  in  capacity  of  a  centrifugal-type  pump 
due  to  changes  in  speed  is  the  composite  of  two  factors.  First,  the  discharge 
varies  directly  as  the  speed;  second,  the  head  varies  as  the  square  of  the  speed. 
Since  in  irrigation  practice,  the  static  head  (total  head  minus  all  friction-head 
losses)  for  any  pump  is  practically  fixed,  any  change  in  speed  reduces  the  effective 
head  available  to  overcome  velocity  and  friction  heads,  consequently  deep  well 
'centrifugal'  turbine  pump  capacities  are  quite  sensitive  to  speed  changes 

Each  well  and  pump  has  its  own  characteristics,  and  it  is  impossible  to  predict 
the  effect  of  speed  changes  in  one  installation  upon  results  obtained  in  another. 
It  is  safe  to  state,  however,  that  generally  the  drop  in  capacity  will  exceed  the 
square  of  the  drop  in  the  speed  of  the  pump.  Also,  that  under  usual  conditions 
no  reduction  in  voltage  which  will  not  seriously  over-heat  a  normally  full  loaded 
motor  continuously  operated  will  reduce  the  capacity  of  the  pump  more  than 
10  per  cent  with  likely  an  average  of  5  per  cent. 

If  the  total  head  against  which  the  pump  operates  is  known  to 
be  constant,  if  the  pump  bowls  are  submerged,  and  if  the  speed  of 
the  pump  has  not  changed,  then  any  material  decrease  in  pump 
delivery  may  be  attributed  to  a  falling  off  in  performance,  and  the 
pump  should  be  overhauled.  If,  however,  the  speed  has  been  reduced 
below  normal,  the  falling-off  in  delivery  is  due  in  part,  at  least,  to 
this  cause. 

By  taking  the  speed  of  the  pump,  the  power  input,  the  discharge, 
and  the  head,  at  least  twice  each  season,  the  cause  of  any  change  in 
delivery  can  readily  be  traced  to  its  source,  and  proper  means  taken 
to  correct  it. 


]o  The  tests  were  conducted  by  L.  S.  Wing  in  cooperation  with  representatives 
of  the  California  Kailroad  Commission  and  the  San  Joaquin  Light  and  Power 
Corporation   (typewritten  report). 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        41 


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42  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

With  deep  well  pumps,  an  increase  in  head  usually  causes  a 
decrease  in  capacity,  if  the  speed  of  the  pump  remains  constant.  Some 
fluctuation  in  capacity  as  a  result  of  changed  water  table  usually  takes 
place  throughout  the  pumping  season. 

Laws  Governing  C enirifugal-type  Pumps. — Although  centrifugal 
pump  design  has  not  attained  the  precision  of  an  exact  science,  it  is 
possible  to  predict  within  close  limits  the  performance  of  a  pump 
over  a  limited  range,  if  its  performance  under  any  given  set  of  con- 
ditions is  known.     The  laws  governing  these  changes  are  as  follows: 

1.  Capacity  varies  directly  as  the  pump  speed. 

2.  Available  pumping  head  varies  as  the  square  of  the  speed. 

3.  Power  required  to  drive  the  pump  varies  as  the  cube  of  the 

speed. 

From  these  it  follows  that  a  reduction  in  the  speed  of  the  pump 
does  not  materially  change  the  cost  of  pumping,  as  a  rule,  since  the 
power  requirements  fall  off  rapidly,  but  it  does  take  longer  to  pump 
the  same  quantity  of  water. 

Method  of  Computing  Power  Costs 

1.  Estimate  the  number  of  hours  the  plant  will  operate  annually. 

5430  X  acre-feet  applied 

Hours  plant  operates  annually  = ^ 

r  r  J  g.p-m.  of  pump 

2.  Multiply  the  hours  of  operation  estimated  in  (1)  by  the  "maxi- 

mum required  H.P.  at  meter,"  as  given  in  the  guarantee, 
section  7,  of  the  contract  for  "normal." 

3.  Multiply  the  product  obtained  in  (2)  by  the  conversion  factor, 

0.746,  to  convert  horsepower  hours  to  kilowatt  hours. 

4.  Compute  the  cost  of  the  kilowatt  hours  in   (3)   in  accordance 

with  the  agricultural  power  schedule  effective  in  the  territory 
where  the  pump  is  located. 

The  application  of  the  above  method  to  the  case  of  Mr.  Jones  will 
illustrate  the  proper  procedure. 

Mr.  Jones  has  40  acres  of  land  which  may  be  assumed  to  require 

on  the  average  3  acre-feet  of  water  to  the  acre.     During  each  year, 

then,  he  will  have  to  pump  40  X  3,  or  120-acre  feet  of  water.    Based 

on  this  amount  of  water  to  be  pumped  and  the  guaranteed  delivery 

of  500  g.p.m.  at  "normal"  given  in  section  7  of  the  contract,  the 

plant  will  be  operated : 

5,430  x  120 
(1)  ■ ^ttx =  1,303.2  hours  annually. 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        43 


The  required  input  measured  at  the  meter,  corresponding  to 
"normal"  is  17.39  H.P.;  therefore, 

(2)  1,303  X  17.39  =  22,659  H.P.  hours. 

Converting  horsepower  hours  to  kilowatt  hours  gives : 

(3)  22,659  X  0.746  =  16,904  kw.-hrs. 

The  next  step  is  to  determine  the  cost  of  this  power  under  the 
agricultural  schedule  of  the  company  which  serves  this  territory. 
The  size  of  motor  furnished  is  given  in  section  3  of  the  contract  as 
15  H.P.,  and  the  agricultural  power  schedule  which  is  applicable  reads 
in  part  as  follows : 


Annual  consumption 

Rates  per  kw.-hr.  for  connected  loads  of 

per  H.P. 

1  to  4  H.P. 

cents 

5  to  14  H.P. 

cents 

15  to  49  H.P. 

cents 

50  to  99  H.P. 

cents 

First  1,000  kw.-hr 

15 
0.9 
0.7 
0  6 

$7.00 

1.4 
0.9 
0.7 
0.6 

$6.00 

14 

0.9 

•    0.7 

0.6 

$5.00 

1.35 

Next  1,000  kw.-hr 

0.9 

Next  1,000  kw.-hr 

0.7 

All  over  3,000  kw.-hr 

0.6 

Annual  demand  charge  per  H.P.  of  con- 
nected load 

$4.50 

The  total  rate  is  the  sum  of  the  demand  and  energy  charge. 

(4)    The  annual  demand  charge  for  a  15  H.P.  motor  is:  15  X  5.00  =  $75.00 
The  energy  charge  for  16,904  kw.-hrs.  is:   15,000  at  1.4  cents  =  210.00 

1,904  at  0.9  cents  =    17.14 


Total  annual  power  cost  for  16,904  kw.-hrs.  = 


$302.14 


Let  us  now  determine  the  cost  of  power  to  Mr.  Jones,  assuming 
that  he  had  contracted  for  a  pumping  installation  which  has  a  power 
input  at  the  meter  for  "normal"  head,  of  18.25  H.P.  instead  of  17.39. 

The  increase  in  kilowatt  hours  consumed  annually  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  increase  in  demand,  viz : 

18.25 


17.39 


=  1.0494  times  as  much. 


Therefore,  an  installation  with  a  demand  of  18.25  H.P.  will  use 
annually,  to  pump  the  same  amount  of  water  as  previously  estimated, 
1.0494  X  16,904  =  17,739  kw.-hrs.  The  cost  of  this  amount  of  energy 
under  the  above  schedule  may  be  estimated  as  follows : 

The  demand  charge  for  15  H.P.  motor  is 15  X  5.00  =  $75.00 

The  energy  charge  for  17,739  kw.-hrs.  is: 

15,000  kw.-hrs.  at  1.4  cents  =  210.00 
2,739  kw.-hrs.  at  0.9  cents  =    24.65 


Total  annual  power  cost  for  17,739  kw.  hrs $309.65 


44  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  increase  in  power  cost  is  ($309.65  —  302.14)  $7.51  a  year  or 
2.48  per  cent,  although  the  increase  in  annual  consumption,  as  shown 
above,  is  4.94  per  cent.  Under  practically  all  agricultural  power 
schedules  now  in  effect,  any  increase  in  consumption  results  in  a 
smaller  increase  in  the  total  bill.  This  fact  should  be  considered  in 
comparing  installations. 

Definitions  of  Terms  and  Units 

An  acre-foot  is  the  amount  of  water  required  to  cover  one  acre  of 
land  one  foot  deep.  It  is  equivalent  to  43,560  cubic  feet  or  325,851 
gallons.  Two  acre-feet  in  24  hours  is  approximately  equal  to  448 
gallons  per  minute,  or  1  cubic  foot  per  second. 

The  air  line  is  the  pipe,  usually  one-quarter  inch,  used  to  measure 
the  distance  to  water.  It  extends  from  a  pressure  gauge  at  the  top 
of  the  well,  down  into  the  water. 

The  bowl  is  the  outside  shell  of  a  centrifugal  or  turbine  pump. 
The  bowl,  spoken  of  as  a  unit,  includes  the  entire  assembly  of  shell 
and  runner. 

The  casing  is  the  pipe  placed  in  a  well  to  keep  it  open.  It  is 
usually  made  of  lighter  material  than  standard  pipe  of  the  same 
nominal  size.  The  size  of  screw  casing  is  always  designated  by  outside 
diameter,  and  stovepipe  and  single-rivetted  casing  by  inside  diameter. 

A  centrifugal  pump  is  one  in  which  the  working  pressure  is  created 
by  a  runner  which  rotates  in  a  shell.  Water  enters  at  the  center  of 
the  pump  and  is  discharged  at  the  outer  circumference.  If  there  is 
only  one  runner  and  shell,  the  pump  is  known  as  a  single-stage ;  if 
more,  a  two,  three,  four-stage,  etc. 

The  column  is  the  vertical  pipe  through  which  the  pump  delivers 
water  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.     (See  fig.  2,  p.  17.) 

A  compensator  is  a  device  for  reducing  voltage.  It  is  used  while 
starting  motors  to  prevent  excessive  current  in  the  windings. 

A  deep  well  pump  is  one  that  is  designed  to  operate  in  a  bored  or 
drilled  well.     It  may  be  a  centrifugal,  screw,  or  plunger  type. 

The  rate  of  discharge  or  capacity  of  a  pump  is  commonly  expressed 
in  cubic  feet  per  second  or  in  gallons  per  minute.  A  cubic  foot  of 
water  weighs  62.3  lb.  and  is  the  equivalent  of  7.48  gallons.  A  gallon 
contains  231  cubic  inches. 

Draw-down  is  the  difference  in  feet  between  the  depth  to  water 
in  the  well  before  pumping  and  while  pumping. 

The  efficiency  of  a  machine  is  the  ratio  between  the  output  and 
the  input,  or  the  power  delivered  by  the  machine  to  the  power  required 
to  run  it.  The  efficiency  of  an  electric  motor  is  found  by  dividing  the 
horsepower  obtained  at  the  pulley  by  the  electrical  horsepower  de- 
livered to  the  terminals.  For  an  internal  combustion  engine,  it  is  the 
horsepower  at  the  pulley  divided  by  the  equivalent  horsepower  in  fuel 


BUL.  448]        FARMERS'  PURCHASE  AGREEMENT  FOR  DEEP  WELL  PUMPS        45 

used.  In  a  pump  it  is  the  theoretical  horsepower  equivalent  of  the 
water  delivered  at  the  working  head  or  pressure,  divided  by  the  power 
required  to  drive  the  pump  (see  horsepower).  If  a  pump  is  direct- 
connected  to  an  electric  motor  the  efficiency  of  the  combination  is  the 
efficiency  of  the  motor  multiplied  by  the  efficiency  of  the  pump. 
Efficiency  is  always  expressed  in  per  cent. 

When  water  runs  through  pipes  or  conduits,  resistance  is  offered 
to  its  flow.  The  height  of  the  column  of  water  that  would  be  required 
to  overcome  this  resistance  is  termed  friction  head  and  is  usually 
expressed  in  feet.  The  friction  head  for  any  particular  size  and  kind 
of  pipe  is  directly  proportional  to  its  length. 

A  pressure  or  Bourdon  gauge  is  an  instrument  for  measuring 
pressure  and  is  generally  calibrated  in  pounds  per  square  inch.  In 
order  to  change  pressure  into  head  expressed  in  feet  of  water,  it  is 
necessary  to  multiply  the  number  of  pounds  per  square  inch  by  2.31. 

Head  is  the  water-column  equivalent  of  pressure.  It  is  usually 
expressed  in  feet.  (See  gauge,  friction  head,  throttle  head,  static 
head.) 

Horsepower  is  a  measure  of  the  rate  of  doing  work.  One  horse- 
power is  required  to  raise  a  weight  of  33,000  pounds  at  the  rate  of 
one  foot  a  minute.  The  theoretical  horsepower  to  pump  water  can 
be  found  by  multiplying  the  head  in  feet  by  the  quantity  in  gallons 
per  minute  and  dividing  by  3,960.  The  theoretical  horsepower  divided 
by  the  efficiency  of  the  pump  gives  the  actual  horsepower  required  at 
the  pump  shaft.  One  horsepower  is  the  equivalent  of  746  watts  or 
0.746  kilowatts. 

Horsepower  hour  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  energy  consumed. 
It  is  equivalent  to  the  application  of  one  horsepower  for  one  hour  and 
equals  0.746  of  a  kilowatt  hour. 

Kilowatt  is  a  measure  of  the  rate  of  doing  work.  (See  horsepower, 
and  watt.) 

Static  level  is  the  distance  below  the  ground  surface,  expressed  in 
feet,  to  the  water  in  the  well  when  the  pump  is  not  running.  (See 
fig.  2.)  Pumping  level  is  the  distance  below  the  ground  surface, 
expressed  in  feet,  to  the  water  in  the  well  while  the  pump  is  running. 

(See  fig.  2.) 

Priming. — The  act  of  filling  the  cylinders  or  bowls  of  a  pump  with 
water  is  known  as  'priming.'  Pumps  that  are  below  the  water  level 
are  self -priming ;  those  that  are  above  are  primed  either  by  filling  the 
pump  from  a  supplementary  supply  at  the  top  of  the  well  or  by 
exhausting  the  air  from  the  pump,  thus  causing  the  water  to  flow 
from  the  well  up  into  the  boAvl. 

The  pump  head  is  the  top  of  a  pump  (see  fig.  2),  which  supports 
the  column  and  pump. 

The  runner  of  a  centrifugal  or  turbine  type  pump  is  that  part 
driven  by  the  motor  which  creates  the  pressure  and  causes  the  water 
to  flow. 


46  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

A  screw  pump  is  a  pump  in  which  the  working  pressure  is  created 
by  means  of  screw-shaped  impellers  which  may  be  placed  at  intervals 
throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  water  column,  or  ' nested'  at  one 
depth. 

A  second  foot  is  a  unit  used  to  express  rate  of  discharge  of  a 
pump.  It  is  one  cubic  foot  per  second  and  is  equal  to  448  gallons 
per  minute. 

If  the  discharge  from  a  centrifugal  type  of  pump  is  gradually 
closed,  the  pressure  will  increase  and  the  quantity  will  decrease.  If 
the  discharge  is  completely  closed,  a  pressure,  known  as  'shut-off/ 
'static/  or  'throttle'  head,  will  be  maintained  for  a  short  time. 

Static  head, — See  shut-off  head. 

Static  water  level. — See  level. 

The  suction  pipe  is  the  pipe  through  which  the  water  enters  the 
pump  bowls. 

Throttle  head. — See  shut-off  head. 

The  surface  of  the  underground  water  supply  in  any  region  is 
known  as  the  water  table.    It  corresponds  to  the  static  water  level. 

A  deep  well  turbine  pump  may  be  either  a  centrifugal  or  a  screw, 
having  one  or  more  stages  arranged  with  diffusion  or  rectifying  vanes 
causing  the  water  to  discharge  to  the  center. 

A  watt  is  the  unit  for  expressing  electrical  power.  A  kilowatt  is 
equal  to  1,000  watts.     (See  horsepower.) 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS   AVAILABLE   FOR  FREE   DISTRIBUTION 


No. 

253.  Irrigation  and  Soil  Conditions  in  the 
Sierra   Nevada   Foothills,    California. 

262.  Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared   with   those   of   California. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives. 

268.   Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

273.  Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain,  Fresno 
County,    California. 

276.  The  Pomegranate. 

277.  Sudan    Grass. 

278.  Grain    Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation   of  Rice   in   California. 
283.  The  Olive   Insects  of  California. 
294.   Bean   Culture  in   California. 

304.  A   Study  of  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 

Citrus    in    California. 
310.   Plum    Pollination. 

312.  Mariout   Barley. 

313.  Pruning      Young      Deciduous      Fruit 

Trees. 
319.   Caprifigs    and    Caprification. 

324.  Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freez- 

ing Temperatures. 

325.  Rice     Irrigation     Measurements     and 

Experiments    in    Sacramento   Valley, 

1914-1919. 
328.   Prune   Growing   in   California. 
331.   Phylloxera-Resistant    Stocks. 
335.   Cocoanut    Meal    as    a    Feed   for   Dairy 

Cows   and   Other   Livestock. 

339.  The    Relative    Cost    of    Making    Logs 

from   Small  and  Large  Timber. 

340.  Control     of     the     Pocket     Gopher     in 

California. 

343.  Cheese    Pests    and    Their    Control. 

344.  Cold   Storage   as   an   Aid  to   the   Mar- 

keting of  Plums. 

346.  Almond    Pollination. 

347.  The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decid- 

uous Orchards. 

348.  Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

349.  A     Study    of    Sidedraft    and    Tractor 

Hitches. 

350.  Agriculture      in      Cut-over      Redwood 

Lands. 

353.  Bovine   Infectious   Abortion. 

354.  Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

357.  A    Self-mixing    Dusting    Machine    for 

Applying      Dry      Insecticides       and 
Fungicides. 

358.  Black    Measles,     Water    Berries,     and 

Related  Vine  Troubles. 

361.  Preliminary   Yield   Tables    for    Second 

Growth   Redwood. 

362.  Dust  and  the  Tractor   Engine. 

363.  The  Pruning  of  Citrus  Trees  in   Cali- 

fornia. 

364.  Fungicidal    Dusts    for    the    Control    of 

Bunt. 

365.  Avocado  Culture  in  California. 

366.  Turkish  Tobacco  Culture,   Curing  and 

Marketing. 

367.  Methods  of  Harvesting  and  Irrigation 

in   Relation   of   Mouldy  Walnuts. 

368.  Bacterial  Decomposition  of  Olives  dur- 

ing  Pickling. 

369.  Comparison     of     Woods     for     Butter 

Boxes. 

370.  Browning  of  Yellow  Newtown  Apples. 

371.  The    Relative    Cost   of    Yarding    Small 

and   Large   Timber. 

373.   Pear   Pollination. 

3  74.  A  Survey  of  Orchard  Practices  in  the 
Citrus  Industry  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

375.  Results   of   Rice   Experiments   at   Cor- 

tena,    1923. 

376.  Sun-Drying  and  Dehydration  of  Wal 

nuts. 

377.  The   Cold   Storage   of  Pears. 
379.  Walnut   Culture   in   California. 


BULLETINS 
No. 


380. 

382. 

385. 
386. 

387. 
388. 

389. 
390. 

391. 

392. 
393. 
394. 

395. 
396. 

397. 

398. 
399. 


400. 
401. 

402. 
404. 
405. 
406. 
407. 


408. 
409, 


410. 
411. 
412. 

414. 

415. 
416. 

417. 

418, 

419 

420 

421 
422 

423 

424 

425 
426 

427 

428 

429. 


Growth  of  Eucalyptus  in  California 
Plantations. 

Pumping  for  Drainage  in  the  San 
Joaquin   Valley,    California. 

Pollination    of   the    Sweet   Cherry. 

Pruning  Bearing  Deciduous  Frui 
Trees. 

Fig   Smut. 

The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sun 
drying  Fruit. 

Berseem  or   Egyptian   Clover. 

Harvesting  and  Packing  Grapes  in 
California. 

Machines  for  Coating  Seed  Wheat  with 
Copper    Carbonate   Dust. 

Fruit    Juice    Concentrates. 

Crop  Sequences  at  Davis. 

Cereal  Hay  Production  in  California. 
Feeding  Trials  with  Cereal  Hay. 

Bark   Diseases   of   Citrus  Trees. 

The  Mat  Bean  (Phaseolus  aconitifo- 
lius). 

Manufacture  of  Roquefort  Type  Cheese 
from    Goat's   Milk. 

Orchard  Heating  in  California. 

The  Blackberry  Mite,  the  Cause  of 
Redberry  Disease  of  the  Himalayi 
Blackberry,    and    its    Control. 

The  Utilization  of  Surplus  Plums. 

Cost  of  Work  Horses  on  California 
Farms. 

The  Codling  Moth  in  Walnuts. 

The  Dehydration  of  Prunes. 

Citrus  Culture  in  Central  California. 

Stationary  Spray  Plants  in  California. 

Yield,  Stand  and  Volume  Tables  for 
White  Fir  in  the  California  Pine 
Region. 

Alternaria  Rot  of  Lemons. 

The  Digestibility  of  Certain  Fruit  By- 
products as  Determined  for  Rumi- 
nants. 

Factors  Affecting  the  Quality  of  Fresh 
Asparagus  after  it  is  Harvested. 

Paradichlorobenzene  as  a  Soil  Fumi- 
gant. 

A  Study  of  the  Relative  Values  of  Cer- 
tain Root  Crops  and  Salmon  Oil  as 
Sources  of  Vitamin  A  for  Poultry. 

Planting  and  Thinning  Distances  for 
Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 

The  Tractor  on  California  Farms. 

Culture  of  the  Oriental  Persimmon 
in    California. 

Poultry  Feeding:  Principles  and 
Practice. 

A  Study  of  Various  Rations  for 
Finishing  Range  Calves  as  Baby 
Beeves. 

Economic  Aspects  of  the  Cantaloupe 
Industry. 

Rice  and  Rice  By-products  as  Feeds 
for   Fattening   Swine. 

Beef   Cattle   Feeding   Trials,    1921-24. 

Cost  of  Producing  Almonds  in  Cali- 
fornia ;   a  Progress  Report. 

Apricots  (Series  on  California  Crops 
and  Prices). 

The  Relation  of  Rate  of  Maturity  to 
Egg  Production. 

Apple   Growing   in   California. 

Apple  Pollination  Studies  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Value  of  Orange  Pulp  for  Milk 
Production. 

The  Relation  of  Maturity  of  Cali- 
fornia Plums  to  Shipping  and 
Dessert    Quality. 

Economic  Status  of  the  Grape  Industry. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

87    Alfalfa  259 

117!  The    Selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small  26l! 

Pumping  Plant.  262. 

127.  House   Fumigation.  263. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus   Insects.  264. 
136.  Melilotus    indica    as    a    Green-Manure 

Crop  for  California.  265. 

144.  Oidium    or    Powdery    Mildew    of    the  266. 

Vine. 

157.  Control  of  the  Pear  Scab.  267. 
164.   Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

166.  The  County  Farm  Bureau.  269. 

170.   Fertilizing     California     Soils     for     the  270. 

1918   Crop.  272. 
173.  The    Construction    of   the   Wood-Hoop 

Silo.  273. 

178.  The   Packing  of  Apples  in   California.  276. 

179.  Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing  277. 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial   Count. 

202.  County   Organizations   for   Rural   Fire  278. 

Control. 

203.  Peat   as   a   Manure   Substitute.  279. 
209.  The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 

212.   Salvaging    Rain-Damaged    Prunes.  281. 
215.   Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California. 
217.  Methods   for   Marketing  Vegetables   in 

California.  282. 

230.  Testing  Milk,    Cream,   and   Skim   Milk 

for  Butterfat.  283. 

231.  The    Home   Vineyard.  284. 

232.  Harvesting    and    Handling    California  285. 

Cherries    for    Eastern    Shipment.  286. 

234.  Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees  287. 

during  1921-22.  288. 

238.  The  Apricot  in  California.  289. 

239.  Harvesting     and     Handling     Apricots  290. 

and  Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment.  291. 

240.  Harvesting    and    Handling    Pears    for 

Eastern   Shipment.  292. 

241.  Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for  293. 

Eastern   Shipment.  294. 

243.  Marmalade  Juice  and  Jelly  Juice  from  295. 

Citrus  Fruits. 

244.  Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees.  296. 

245.  Vine   Pruning   Systems. 

248.  Some   Common    Errors    in    Vine  Prun-  298. 

ing  and  Their  Remedies. 

249.  Replacing  Missing  Vines.  300. 

250.  Measurement   of    Irrigation   Water   on  301. 

the  Farm.  302. 

252.  Supports  for  Vines.  303. 

253.  Vineyard  Plans. 

254.  The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase  304. 

Winter    Egg    Production.  305. 

255.  Leguminous   Plants  as  Organic  Fertil-  306. 

izer   in    California    Agriculture. 

256.  The   Control   of  Wild   Morning   Glory.  307. 

257.  The  Small-Seeded  Horse  Bean.  308. 

258.  Thinning   Deciduous   Fruits.  309. 


Pear  By-products. 

Sewing  Grain  Sacks. 

Cabbage  Growing  in   California. 

Tomato  Production  in  California. 

Preliminary      Essentials      to      Bovine 

Tuberculosis  Control. 
Plant  Disease  and  Pest  Control. 
Analyzing     the     Citrus     Orchard     by 

Means   of   Simple   Tree   Records. 
The  Tendency  of  Tractors  to   Rise  in 

Front;    Causes  and  Remedies. 
An  Orchard  Brush  Burner. 
A  Farm  Septic  Tank. 
California  Farm  Tenancy  and  Methods 

of  Leasing. 
Saving  the   Gophered  Citrus  Tree. 
Home  Canning. 
Head,    Cane,    and   Cordon   Pruning  of 

Vines. 
Olive  Pickling  in  Mediterranean  Coun- 
tries. 
The  Preparation  and  Refining  of  Olive 

Oil   in    Southern   Europe. 
The  Results  of  a  Survey  to  Determine 

the  Cost  of  Producing  Beef  in  Cali- 
fornia. 
Prevention  of  Insect  Attack  on  Stored 

Grain. 
Fertilizing  Citrus  Trees  in  California. 
The  Almond   in   California. 
Sweet  Potato  Production  in  California. 
Milk  Houses  for  California  Dairies. 
Potato   Production   in   California. 
Phylloxera   Resistant  Vineyards. 
Oak  Fungus  in  Orchard  Trees. 
The  Tangier  Pea. 
Blackhead   and   Other   Causes   of  Loss 

of  Turkeys   in   California. 
Alkali  Soils. 

The    Basis   of   Grape    Standardization. 
Propagation   of   Deciduous   Fruits. 
The   Growing   and   Handling  of   Head 

Lettuce  in   California. 
Control     of     the     California     Ground 

Squirrel. 
The    Possibilities    and    Limitations    of 

Cooperative  Marketing. 
Coccidiosis  of  Chickens. 
Buckeye  Poisoning  of  the  Honey  Bee. 
The   Sugar  Beet   in   California. 
A  Promising  Remedy  for  Black  Measles 

of  the  Vine. 
Drainage  on  the  Farm. 
Liming  the  Soil. 
A  General  Purpose  Soil  Auger  and  its 

Use  on  the  Farm. 
American   Foulbrood  and  its   Control. 
Cantaloupe  Production   in   California. 
Fruit  Tree   and   Orchard  Judging. 


The  publications  listed  above  may  be  had  by  addressing 

College  of  Agriculture, 

University  of  California, 

Berkeley,  California. 

17r«-2,'28 


